z 

56 

A56c  \ 
1846 


THE  COMPLETE 

OGBAPHIC  CLASS-BOOK, 


OOHTAINIMG  A 


LICTLY   INDUCTIVE   EXPOSITION 


PITMAN'S   PHONOGRAPHY, 


STSTEM  OP    PHONETIC    8H0ET   HAND,  TO    THE   EKGLISH   IiANGDAGB ; 
ILLT    ISTENDED    AS    A    SCHOOI.    BOOK,    AND    TO    AFFORD    THE 
FULLiiST  INSTKUCTION  TO  T)60SE  WHO  HAVE  NOT  THB 
ASSISTANCE  OF  THE  LITUjG  TEACHES. 


8.    F.    Am^liEWS, 


AUGUSTUS    F.    BOYLE. 


BOSTON: 

iGRAPmC  INSTITUTION,  339  WASHINGTON  ST. 
[Fkics  37J  CT8.  IN  Boards,  50  cts.  in  Cloth. 
18  4  6.  '' 


p- 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/completeplionograOOandriala 


THE  COMPLETE 

PHONOGRAPHIC  CLASS-BOOK, 


OOSTAIKIKO  A 


STRICTLY  INDUCTIVE   EXPOSITION 


PITMAN'S  PHONOGRAPHY, 


ADAPTED    A8    A    SYSTEM  OP    PHOKETIC    SHORT    HAJTD,  TO    THE    ItNGLISH    LANGCAaE  | 

ESFECIALLT    INTENDED    AS    A    SCHOOL    BOOK,    AND    TO    AFFORD    THE 

rULLEST  1N9TBICTION  TO  THOSE  WHO  HAVE  NOT  THE 

ASSISTANCE  OF  THE  UTING  TEACHES. 


S.    p.    ANDREWS, 

AND 

AUGUSTUS    F.    BOYLE. 


Seconal  nottton. 


BOSTON: 

PHONOGRAPHIC  INSTITUTION,  339  WASHINGTON  ST. 

PsiCE  37J  CTS.  IN  Boards,  50  cts.  in  Cloth. 

1  846. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congreu,  in  the  jm  1845, 

Bt  S.  p.  Andrews,  &  Acgcstcb  F.  Boixx, 

In  the  Clerk'i  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Mamchiuettf. 


STKBXOTTFXD  ASV  rBnTEO  BT  8.  M.  DICKISSOH  &  0O....BO8TOX. 


*<r 


CONTENTS. 


10 


Preface, ^ 

iDtroduotion, ' ^ 

Phonographic  Alphabet, 18 

Jtfovement  of  the  Hand  in  Making  the  Signs, 20 

^    Ponn  and  Size  of  Gonsonant-Signs, 21 

UJ 

*"    Classification  of  the  Consonants, 25 

>- 

^    Simple  Vowel-Signs, 82 

ze. 

2°    Mode  of  Placing  the  Vowel  Signs, 83,  36 

Mode  of  Numbering  Vowel-Signs, 37 

^   Classification  of  the  Vowels, 38 

The  Breathing,  or  Aspirate, 44,  72,  79 

Proper  Diphthongs, 46 

Combination  of  the  Consonant  and  Vowel-Signs, 48 

Of  the  Prefixes  and  AflJxes, 54,  114 

Word-Signs, 55,  66,  80,  82,  87,  90,  95,  99,  101 

The  Circles  s  and  z,  (and  sis,  siz,  &c.) 61 

Peculiar  Modes  of  Writing,  and  Gteneral  Directions, 69 

Improper  Diphthongs, 76,  81 

Double  Consonants,  ^hook  series, 84 

Da  do.        r-hook  series, 88 

• 

452150 


i7 


CONTENTS. 


Triple  Consonants, gj 

Peculiar  Compound  Consonant-Signs, 94 

The  n-hook  series, , gg 

The  shn  and  z/m-hook  series, jOQ 

Half-length-Signs, •  •  - 102 

Placing  Vowel-Signs  to  Consonant-Signs,  with  final  addition,  107 

Of  the  Loops  St  and  str, , . .   hq 

Special  Scheme  of  the  Vowel-Signs, 112 

Observations  on  Different  Modes  of  Writing, 116 

Alphabetical  List  of  Word-Signs, 122 

Phraseography, 126 

Stops,  &c., 129 

Names  and  Order  of  the  Letters  of  the  Alphabet, 180 

Appendix  —  Phonotypic  Alphabet, 182 


PEE  FACE. 


The  Writing  and  Printing  Reformation  naturally  divides 
itself  into  several  branches,  of  which  Phonography  is,  per- 
haps, the  most  obviously  important.  The  invention  of  a 
system  of  writing,  combining  more  than  the  rapidity  of  steno- 
graphy, with  more  than  the  legibility  of  long  hand,  while  it  is, 
at  the  same  time,  extremely  simple  and  easy  of  acquisition,  is 
at  once  admitted  to  be  an  immense  benefit  conferred  upon  the 
world. 

Phonography  needs  only  to  be  known,  to  captivate  the  lover 
of  truth  and  harmony,  as  exhibited  in  nature,  and  the  admirer 
of  human  ingenuity,  while  it  interests  equally  the  mere  prac- 
tical economist.  Combining  both  a  science  and  an  art,  it  en- 
chants the  philosophic  mind  by  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of  its 
principles,  while  the  luxury  of  being  able,  after  a  moderate 
amount  of  practice,  to  drop  one's  thoughts  upon  paper  with 
the  rapidity  of  speech,  and  with  the  clearness  of  unerring  cer- 
tainty to  the  eye,  excites  a  degree  of  enthusiasm  among  all 
those  who  become  familiar  with  Phonography,  which  has 
rarely,  if  ever,  attached  to  any  mere  matter  of  science,  and 
which  may  even  seem  like  folly  to  the  uninitiated. 

The  incidental  advantages  of  Phonography,  are,  likewise, 
hardly  capable  of  being  over-estimated,  especially  as  it  relates 
to  music,  elocution,  and  the  correct  pronunciation  of  our  own 
and  of  foreign  languages.   It  seems  inevitably  destined  to  a  most 


6  PREFACE. 

rapid  and  successful  career,  until  it  shall,  at  no  distant  day, 
entirely  supersede  our  present  method  of  writing,  in  the  gen- 
eral business  of  life. 

Desirous  of  aiding  its  progress,  and  especially  of  inducing 
its  speedy  introduction  into  all  our  schools  and  academies,  as 
a  regular  branch  of  instruction,  we  have  bestowed  great  care 
npon  the  preparation  of  '  The  Complete  Phonographic  Class- 
Book,'  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  found  at  least  free  from  any 
serious  defect  as  a  school-book,  while  it  will,  at  the  same  time, 
•enable  adults  of  ordinary  capacity  to  acquire  the  art,  even 
without  the  aid  of  oral  instruction. 

The  works  of  Mr.  Pitman  exhibit  great  carefulness  of  detail, 
and  the  most  admirable  skill  and  indefatigable  perseverance 
in  perfecting  the  art,  while  we  think  them  susceptible  of  mar 
terial  improvement,  as  School  Boohs,  in  respect  to  method 
And  arrangement,  upon  which  he  has,  doubtless,  not  been 
able  to  bestow  an  equal  amount  of  time  and  reflection. 
While,  therefore,  we  have  carefully  avoided  attempting 
changes  which  should  affect  a  system  that  seems  so  perfect  as 
lardly  to  admit  the  possibility  of  improvement,  the  plan  of  the 
present  work  is  entirely  new,  and  it  will,  we  venture  to  hope, 
'be  found  more  inductive,  lucid,  and  complete,  than  any  pre- 
Tious  publication  upon  the  subject. 

Phonography,  on  account  of  its  precise  representation  of 
the  sounds  of  words,  has  been  aptly  denominated  *  doing  the 
trtith.'  "With  an  ardent  wish  for  the  prevalence  of  this  habit, 
in  writing,  as  in  all  other  things,  and  for  the  speedy  triumph  of 
phonography  over  our  present  false  and  barbarous  ortho- 
graphy and  cumbersome  hand-writing,  we  submit  this  work 
to  the  public,  remarking,  in  conclusion,  that  phonography,  and 
its  sister  art,  phonotypy,  (4)  are  eminently  <^e  arts  for  the 
people,  and  that  they  are  acquired  even  more  readily  by  the 
cmlearned  than  by  the  highly  educated,  inasmuch  as  they  have 
iess  of  false  teaching  to  unlearn. 


INTRODUCTION. 


1.  Speech  is  the  principal  means  by  which  we  convey  a 
knowledge  of  our  own  thoughts  and  feelings  to  the  minds  of 
others.  It  is  understood  through  the  medium  of  the  ear,  and 
had  its  origin,  doubtless,  in  the  infancy  of  the  human  race. 
The  use  of  written  signs,  or  letters,  is  an  invention  of  more 
recent  times  for  accomplishing  the  same  purpose  through  the 
medium  of  the  eye. 

There  are  two  methods  of  employing  written  signs.  In 
the  first  place,  they  may  be  used  directly  as  the  representa- 
tives of  ideas,  just  as  we  make  the  picture  of  a  horse  to 
signify  a  horse.  In  this  manner,  each  character  stands  for  an 
idea,  such  as  is  represented  by  a  word  when  we  speak ;  but 
with  the  diiFei*ence  above  stated,  that  the  representation  is 
made  to  the  eye,  and  not  to  the  ear. 

In  this  method  of  writing,  therefore,  the  picture  or  sign  used, 
does  not,  in  any  manner,  denote  the  sounds  which  are  made 
with  the  mouth,  in  speaking  the  word.  The  sign  may  be 
imderstood  even  by  people  of  another  nation  who  do  not 
understand  the  spoken  word  at  all.  StiU  there  are  numerous 
difficulties  in  this  method  of  communicating  thought.  We  can 
easily  represent  a  horse  or  a  house,  but  how  shall  we  represent 
good,  had,  sweet,  sour  ?     The  people  that  write  by  pictures  in 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

this  manner  are  obliged  to  make  a  representation  of  some 
thing  that  is  good,  had,  sweet,  or  sour,  instead  of  making  a 
picture  of  the  quality — which  cannot  be  done.  But  there 
are  so  many  things  which  have  these  qualities,  that  this  method 
of  writing  is  altogether  indefinite  ;  besides  which,  the  object 
that  they  may  choose  to  paint  for  good,  will  have,  at  the  same 
time,  other  qualities  which  may  be  mistaken  for  the  one 
intended.  Hence,  writing  of  this  kind  becomes  quite  arbitrary, 
and,  from  the  great  number  of  characters  which  must  be 
employed,  it  is  extremely  burdensome,  either  to  be  learned  or 
practised. 

2.  These  difficulties  have  led  most  of  the  nations  of  the 
earth  to  adopt  a  different  mode  of  communicating  their  ideas 
by  signs.  Instead  of  using  a  picture  as  a  direct  representa- 
tive of  an  idea,  they  have  analysed  the  spoken  word,  by  which 
the  same  idea  is  represented,  into  its  component  parts  or 
sounds,  and  have  given  to  ea4:h  of  these  parts,  or  elementary 
sounds,  a  separate  sign.  These  signs  combined,  make  what 
we  call  a  written  word;  which  is  properly  a  sign  of  the 
spoken  word,  or  utterance  of  voice,  and,  in  a  secondary  man- 
ner only,  the  representative  of  an  idea. 

This  latter  method  of  writing,  though  not  so  simple  and 
natural  as  the  former,  is  nevertheless  much  more  convenient, 
because,  although  our  ideas  are  so  very  numerous,  the  sounds 
of  the  voice  which  are  heard  in  all  the  words  we  speak,  are 
found,  when  analysed  into  their  simple  elements,  to  be  very 
few  ;  so  that  a  very  small  number  of  signs  enable  us  to  write 
all  the  words  of  a  language,  however  numerous  they  may  be. 

The  former  methotl  of  writing  was  used  by  the  Egyptians, 
and  other  ancient  people,  and  is  used  at  the  present  day  by 
the  Chinese.  It  is  called  hieroglyphic  or  symbolic,  and 
sometimes  ideologic,  because  it  represents  ideas  directly ;  and 
the  latter  method,  which  is  used  by  most  other  nations  of  the 


IKTnODUCTION.  9 

world,  is  called  phonetic, — from  the  Greek  word  jphon-e,  the 
voice,  because  it  represents  the  sounds  of  the  voice. 

3.  The  old  method  of  spelling  and  writing  words,  is,  there- 
fore, based  u}X)n  the  phonetic  principle,  and  should  represent 
the  sounds  of  the  voice  in  speaking.  But  this  is  far  from  being 
the  case  ;  from  various  causes,  such  as  the  foreign  origin  of 
our  alphabet,  changes  which  have  occurred  in  the  course  of 
time  in  the  pronunciation  of  many  words,  and  the  adoption  of 
new  words  from  other  languages,  without  adapting  them  to 
any  standard  of  orthography,  it  has  deviated  very  much  from 
the  true  representation  of  sounds,  until  it  has  become  at  length 
quite  as  difficult  to  be  learned  as  the  hieroglyphic  system. 
Thus,  for  example,  we  now  write  the  word  though  with  six 
letters,  each  of  which  should  represent  a  sound,  or  else  not 
be  written.  Yet  there  are,  in  fact,  only  two  sounds  heard  in 
the  word.  The  first  is  made  by  placing  the  tip  of  the  tongue 
just  between  the  teeth,  and  breathing  outward.  This  sound 
is  represented  by  two  letters,  a  t  and  an  h,  for  the  want  of  any 
single  letter  in  the  alphabet  to  denote  the  sound.  The  second 
is  the  sound  which  ought  to  be  represented  by  the  letter  o 
alone,  but  a  u,9.g,  and  an  A,  are  added  to  it,  without  any 
necessity,  so  far  as  the  sound  of  the  word  is  concerned.  So 
in  the  word  sleigh,  which  we  write  with  six  letters,  although 
there  are  but  three  sounds  in  the  word,  the  first  of  which  is 
the  hissing  sound  represented  by  s,  the  second  the  liquid  sound 
represented  by  I,  and  the  third  the  vowel  sound  of  a  in  mate, 
for  which  no  less  than  four  letters  e,  i,  g,  and  h  are  written,  no 
one  of  them  having  the  slightest  resemblance  in  sound  to  that 
of  the  letter  a. 

4.  Phonography,  from  the  Greek  phone,  sound,  or  voice, 
and  GRAPHEiN,  to  write,  signifies  merely  the  writing  of  sounds, 
or  writing  according  to  sound.  It  follows  that  the  term 
phonography  is  properly  applicable  to  any  system  of  writing 

-  •which  correctly  represents  the  sounds  of  words,  whether  it  be 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

long  band  or  short  Land.  Short  hand  phonography  is,  however 
generally  understood  by  the  term  when  used  alone  ;  but  there 
is  likewise  a  system  of  long  hand  phonography,  which,  when 
it  is  spoken  of,  should  be  distinguished  from  the  other  by  the 
addition  of  the  word  longhand. 

Printing,  in  a  correct  orthography,  corresponding  with  that 
used  in  phonography,  is  denominated  phonotypy  from  phone, 
•jihe  voice,  and  typos,  a  type.  Any  written  letter,  or  mark. 
Standing  for  a  certain  sound,  is  called  a  phonograph.  A 
printed  letter,  or  sign,  used  for  the  same  purpose,  is  called  a 
phonotype.  The  letters  of  our  old  alphabet  are  frequently 
not  phonographs  and  phonotypes,  as  they  represent  no  sound 
at  all  in  those  situations  in  which  they  are  called  silent  letters  ; 
and  they  are  not  at  any  time  accurate  phonographs  and 
phonotypes,  as  they  are  equally  used  to  represent  several 
different  sounds :  as  c,  a,  o,  &c.,  each  of  which  shifts  its  sound 
four  or  five  times  in  the  different  words  in  which  it  occurs. 

The  old  irregular  method  of  writing  and  printing  words,  as 
they  have  hitherto  been  spelled,  is  denominated,  for  the  sake 
of  distinction,  heterography,  and  heterotypy,  from  heteros, 
other,  as  differing  from  the  phonetic  mode;  and  to  denote 
their  falsity. 

The  science  of  sound,  upon  which  phonography  is  based,  is 
called  phonetics. 

5.  A  system  of  writing,  to  be  perfect,  should  have  one 
uniform  method  of  representing  every  sound  of  the  voice  that 
is  uttered  in  speaking,  and  which  is  obviously  distinct.  In 
the  next  place,  it  is  desirable  for  practical  purposes  to  obtain 
the  greatest  possible  brevity,  and,  therefore,  the  characters  or 
letters  by  which  these  sounds  are  represented,  should  be  the 
simplest  in  their  forms  that  can  be  found,  and,  in  the  third 
place,  in  order  to  f$,cilitate  the  learning  and  use  of  them,  they 
ought  to  be  selected  and  arranged  in  strict  correspondence 
"with  the  nature  and  order  of  the  sounds  which  they  represent ; 


INTRODUCTION.  1 1 

thus,  sounds  which  are  related  to  each  other  bj  a  similitude 
of  organic  formation,  should  be  represented  by  signs  having 
in  their  forms  a  corresponding  resemblance.  In  other  words, 
the  best  system  of  writing  will  be  I.  true,  II.  brief,  and  III. 
analogical.  These  properties  are  admirably  combined  in  the 
system  of  phonetic  short-hand  —  the  production  of  the  genius 
and  labors  of  Mr.  Pitman. 

6.  The  elements  of  speecli,  or  the  elementary  sounds  of 
the  voice  are  properly  divided  into  vowels  and  consonants. 
The  sounds  represented  by  these  terms  must  be  carefully 
distinguished,  in  the  first  place,  from  the  written  signs  by 
which  they  are  represented  (which  may  be  called  vowel-signs, 
and  consonant-signs,  characters,  or  letters),  and,  in  the  second 
place,  from  the  names  that  have  been  given  to  these  signs. 
For  example,  in  heterography,  the  vowel  which  is  heard  in 
fate  has  the  sound  of  the  word  aye ;  the  written  sign,  or 
vowel-sign,  has  the  figure  or  shape  a,  and  the  name  of  the 
letter  is  the  same  as  the  sound.  But  in  the  word  ^ar  we  see 
the  same  vowel-sign,  and  we  call  it  by  the  same  name  as 
before,  but  we  now  hear  the  sound  of  the  word  aJi,  which  is 
entirely  different  from  the  name.  In  the  word  many,  the 
same  sign  represents  the  abrupt  sound  of  the  interjection  eh  ! 
and  in  mortar  it  represents  a  sound  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
word  err  when  it  is  imperfectly  pronounced.  In  call,  the  same 
sign,  with  the  same  name,  gives  to  the  e^'  the  sound  of  the  word 
awe.  So,  again,  in  this  word  call,  we  have  the  consonant-sign, 
having  the  form  c,  which  we  name  hke  the  word  see  or  sea,  but 
which  sounds  like  k  in  kill ;  that  is,  it  represents  the  short, 
hard,  cracking  sound  which  we  make  nearly  back  to  the 
throat  when  we  begin  to  say  kill,  and  which  may  be  heard  by 
itself,  if  we  stop  suddenly  before  pronouncing  the  vowel.  But 
this  same  letter,  with  the  same  name,  is  used  in  other  words, 
as  in  cellar,  where  the  sound  which  we  hear  is  a  simple  hiss 
made  between  the  tongue  and  the  teeth,  and  very  similar  to 


12  INTKOULCTION. 

thai  .;.;aie  ^>y  a  SLTi»ent  oi  a  goose;  and  this  hissing  sound  vA 
again  icjireseiited  L\  anoilitr  leller,  as  in  the  word  seat,  with 
the  lorm  s,  uad  a  i^ame  like  tin-  first  syllable  of  the  word 
essence.  This  teirible  ^;)Ilt■1]^ion  runs  through  our  whole 
language  in  the  old  ijrtliograjiliy.  It  presents  the  most 
serious  difficulties  in  acquiring  the  arts  of  reading  and 
writing,  wasting  one  entire  tliiid  of  the  lime  devoted  to 
education,  unlits  us  for  leaniing  the  pronunciation  of  foreign 
languages,  and,  in  various  ways,  exei-ts  the  most  deleterious 
influence  upon  our  habits  of  thought  through  life. 

7.  It  is,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  importance  that  a  pupil 
should  break  up  the  habit  of  regarding  a  sound  as  identical 
with  the  name  of  a  letter,  and  that  he  should  understand  that, 
when  we  speak  of  vowels  and  consonants,  we  mean  sounds  of 
the  voice,  as  heard  by  the  ear,  without  any  reference  to  the 
characters  by  which  they  may  be  represented,  or  the  names 
that  may  be  given  to  such  characters.  No  progress  can  be 
made  in  phonography  until  this  is  done. 

8.  A  vowel  may  then  be  defined,  to  be  the  smooth  or 
harmonious  emission  of  sounding  breath  ;  as  e,  a,  ah,  modu- 
lated but  not  obstruci^:d  bi/  the  organs  of  speech.  (44.) 

9.  A  consonant  is  a  sound  made  either  by  a  complete  or 
partial  contact  of  the  organs  of  speech  obstructing  the  sounding 
breath,  in  some  degree  varying  from  an  entire  break  or 
STOPPAGE  of  it,  «xs  p  in  rap,  b  in  rob,  S^c,  to  a  simple 
ROUGHNESS  OT  ASPIRATION  impressed  upon  a  vowel  sound,  as 
h  in  heat,  hate.  (31.) 

10.  The  consonant  differs,  therefore,  from  a  vowel,  much 
in  the  same  manner  as  a  crack,  a  crash,  a  hiss,  or  other  rough 
Bound  diifers  from  a  musical  one.  The  consonants  being  thus 
the  harsher  elements  of  hmguage,  form,  like  the  bones  of  the 
human  body,  the  substantial  frame  work  of  speech.  The 
vowels  then  fill  up  the  outlines,  and  make  the  perfect  and 
harmonious  development  of  language. 


INTKODUCTIOX.  13 

11.  The  first  thing  to  be  done  bj  the  student  of  phono- 
graphy, after  fully  appreciating  what  is  meant  by  an  element 
of  speech,  or  a  spoken  sound,  which  is  the  same  thing,  is  to 
analyse  the  words  which  are  to  be  written  into  the  elements 
which  compose  them,  distinguishing  the  consonants  and  vowels 
from  each  other.  It  is  rather  difficult  to  utter  some  of  the 
consonants  without  joining  a  vowel  with  them,  as  their  sound 
is  instantaneous  and  cannot  be  prolonged.  The  name  wliich 
they  bear  (from  the  Latin  con  and  sonans,  soitnduir/  along 
with)  was  originally  bestowed  from  tlie  idc-a  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  pronounce  a  consonant  without  a  vowel  either 
preceding  or  following  it.  This  impression  is,  however, 
erroneous.  Most  of  the  consonants  are  even  capable  of  being 
prolonged  like  the  vowels.  This  is  the  case,  for  example, 
with  the  hissing  sound  (s)  above  mentioned,  Avhich  may  be 
lengthened  out  to  any  extent  without  at  all  loosing  its  own 
consonant  quality.  The  most  difficult  to  utter  by  themselves 
are  those  in  which  the  contact  of  the  organs  is  the  most  per- 
fect and  complete.  The  sounds  which  come  particularly  under 
this  description  are  those  represented  by  p,  t,  and  k  ;  the  first 
made  at  the  lips,  the  second  at  the  teeth,  and  the  third  at  the 
root  of  the  tongue,  near  the  throat.  There  is  likewise  a  cor- 
responding series,  b,  d,  and  g  (hard,  as  in  give),  which  are  mere 
modifications  of  the  former,  as  will  be  more  fully  shown  in 
Chapter  1st,  in  treating  upon  the  Alphabet,  Both  of  these 
series  of  sounds  are  denominated  mutes,  as  if  it  were  intended 
to  intimate  that  they  are  entirely  destitute  of  sound.  But  it 
is  manifestly  absurd  to  speak  of  a  species  of  sounds  which  are 
destitute  of  sound,  and  they  are  more  properly  distinguished 
by  the  term  abrupts,  which  we,  therefore,  prefer. 

12.  The  particular  names  which  have  been  heretofore 
given  to  the  first  three  of  those  letters,  for  example,  in  the 
old  alphabet,  are,  pe,  te,  and  kay  ;  but  in  pronouncing  these 
names  we  pronounce  a  vowel  sound,  which  is  of  course  no  part 

2 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

of  the  consonant.  In  the  first  two,  the  vowel  is  e,  and  in  the 
third  it  is  a  or  ay.  If  we  then  endeavor  to  pronounce  so  much 
of  this  name  as  is  not  the  voioel,  we  shall  hear  a  mere  sudden 
crack  or  explosion  of  the  organs,  {at  the  commencement  of  the 
syllable,  or  a  corresponding  concussion  at  the  end,)  which  is 
the  true  consonant.  The  effect  will  be  different  according  to 
the  seat  of  the  sound,  or  part  of  the  mouth  at  which  it  is 
made.  A  little  practice  will  enable  a  person  to  explode  these 
abrupt  consonants  without  the  aid  of  any  appreciable  amount 
of  vowel  sound. 

13.  The  learner,  who  is  unused  to  the  analysis  of  sounds, 
will  also  experience  some  difficulty,  doubtless,  in  separating  a 
portion  of  the  vowels  from  their  connection  with  consonant 
sounds.  The  short  and  explosive  vowels  heard  in  sin,  men, 
man,  &c.,  are  never  named,  in  the  old  method  of  spelling,  ly 
their  own  sounds.  They  are  called,  on  the  contrary',  by  names 
which  are  tlie  same  a§  the  vowel  sounds  which  are  heard  in 
the  words  sign,  mean,  main  ;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  like 
the  entire  words  eye,  ee,  (Scotch  word  for  eye,)  and  aye ;  and 
this  and  similar  habits  so  confuse  the  appreciation  of  sound 
by  the  ear,  that  many  persons  seem  to  think  that  they  actually 
hear  the  sound  eye  in  the  word  sin,  because  they  give  that 
name  to  the  letter  i,  which  they  use  in  writing  it.  To  dis- 
cover the  true  vowel  sound,  which  is  heard  in  tliis  word,  let 
the  reader  first  pronounce  the  whole  word  distinctly,  sin  ;  then, 
dropping  tlie  final  n,  pronounce  the  remainder  of  the  word 
just  as  he  did  before,  and  just  as  if  he  were  going  to  pronounce 
the  whole  word,  but  suddenly  stop  before  the  last  consonant  is 
uttered.  Let  him  then  reject  the  s  sound  from  the  beginning 
of  the  w^ord,  preserving  still  precisely  the  sound  which  he 
had  previously  given  to  what  then  remains  of  the  word,  and 
he  will  have  a  short,  jerked  sound,  which  cannot  be  written 
by  the  old  alphabet,  for  the  want  of  any  distinct  character  to 
represent  it.     This  sound  is  the  true  vowel  heard  in  sin;  it 


IXTRODUCTIOX.  15 

has  no  resemblance  to  the  sound  of  the  wonl  eije,  but  is,  uu 
the  contrary,  a  short,  explosive,  and  suddenly  stopped  sound, 
rcsembhng  e. 

14.  In  the  same  manner,  the  vo^vel  sound  heard  in  the 
word  men  is  not  e,  as  it  is  called,  but  a  sound  nuieh  more 
nearly  resembling  aye.  As  in  the  lormer  case,  howevei-,  it  is 
jerked  in  the  utterance,  sounding  like  the  interjection  eh! 
sometimes  used  to  denote  inquiry.  There  are  six  of  these 
stopped  vowels  in  the  language.  A  few  hours  practice  will 
enable  a  person  to  pronounce  them  by  themselves  with  nearly 
as  much  ease  as  he  pronounces  the  full  vowels. 

15.  When  the  student  is  able  to  analyse  words  into  their 
component  sounds,  he  is  in  a  condition  to  begin  to  learn  to 
write  them;  but  he  must  always  bear  in  mind  that  he  is  in  no 
case  to  have  the  slightest  regard  to  the  old  method  of  spell- 
ing. All  the  spelling  which  he  will  be  required  to  do,  will 
be  merely  to  pronounce  slowly,  one  element  after  the  other, 
as  distinct  parts  of  the  whole  sound  or  word ;  which  parts 
must  be  so  small  that  they  cannot  be  divided  into  any- 
thing less  than  themselves.  These  parts  will  then  be  the 
elements  of  sound,  for  which  phonography  will  furnish  the 
signs.  For  the  sake  of  brevity,  two  or  more  sounds  are 
sometimes  written  by  one  sign,  but  the  means  always  exist  of 
writing  them  separately  when  it  is  desirable. 

16.  It  must  be  observed  that  it  is  not  the  province  or 
business  of  phonography  to  teach  the  pronunciation  of  words, 
but  merely  to  furnish  the  means  of  writing  them  in  whatever 
manner  the  writer  may  choose  to  pronoinice  them.  In  this 
manner  we  shall  be  able  to  show  how  different  writers  actually 
do  pronounce,  which  cannot  be  ascertained  by  the  old  method 
of  writing ;  and  thus  phonography  will  doubtless  be  the  means 
of  finally  settling  pronunciation  by  one  uniform  standard 
among  all  who  speak  the  language. 


Note.  —  The  learner  of  Phonography  is  recommended,  in 
studying  the  following  pages,  to  omit  the  study  of  those  portions 
which  are  printed  in  small  types,  and  which  relate  more  to 
the  science  of  Phonetics,  until  he  has  become  somewhat  fami- 
liar with  the  practical  business  of  writing,  in  acquiring  which, 
his  motto  should  be 

/ 
"Practise  and  Persevere." 


PHONOGrwVPIIY. 


CHAPTER  I 

OF  THE  ALPHABET,  AND  THE  SEVERAL  DmSIOXS 
OF  THE  CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 

17.  The  term  aljDltahet  is  derived  fioni  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  —  alpha 
and  beta.  Hence,  in  strictness,  it  is  only  apph- 
cable  to  an  arrangement  of  letters  beginning 
in  the  same  manner.  By  usage,  however,  it  is 
now  apphed  to  any  an'angement  of  the  letters 
by  which  a  language  is  written.  Thus,  Ave 
speak  of  the  Sanscrit  alphabet,  though  the 
first  letter  in  that,  and  other  languages  derived 
from  it,  is  K.  Li  the  Arabic  language,  and 
in  tlie  Masoretic  writing  of  the  Hebrew, 
the  term  alphabet  is  not  understood  as  includ- 
ing the  vowels,  ^vhich  are  written  by  small 
points  placed  as  a  Idnd  of  appendage  to  the 
consonant  characters.  The  vowels  are  w^ritten 
in  the  same  manner  in  Phonography;  and  it 
will  be  found  of  great  advantage,  in  treating  of 
it,  to  make  the  terms  alphabet  and  alphabetical 
refer,  in  a  similar  manner,  to  the  consonants 
alone. 

9* 


18  PHONOGRAPHY. 

THE  ALPHABET. 

\  I  /  - 
^\  1  /  . 

y-  {  )  J 
<.  (  )  J 

r  -\ 

Ambigues. 


SIGNIFICATION    OF    THE   ALPHABETICAL   SIGNS. 

18.  Before  proceeding  to  the  study  of  the 
alphabet,  the  learner  must  observe  that  part  of 
the  signs  are  light  lines  and  curves,  and  part  of 
them  Iwavy.  The  reason  of  tliis  arrangement 
is  explained  in  the  latter  part  of  this  chapter, 
and  it  will  be  found  to  be  of  the  utmost  impor- 
tance, practically,  and  of  great  philosophical 
beauty,  with  reference  to  a  true  representation 
of  sounds.  (33.) 


PHONOGRAPHY.  19 

19.  The  foUowing  signs  represent  the  con- 
sonant sounds  belonging  to  the  single  letters 
of  the  old  alphabet,  Avhicli  are  placed  imme- 
diately after  them,  but  without  any  vowel 
addition,  such  as  is  heard  in  the  names  pe, 
ef,  &c.  (12.) ;  thus,  \  p ;  \  h ;  \^  f;  ^  v ; 
^  m;  I  t;  \  d;  )  s;  )  z;  r  I;  ^  r; 
v_>  w  ;  /  y,  or  g  soft,  as  in  gem  ;  —  k ;  —  g 
hard,  as  in  give. 

20.  The  foUowing  signs  represent  simple 
consonant  sounds  for  which  there  are  no  single 
letters  in  the  old  alphabet,  and  for  wliich  com- 
binations of  two  or  m^ore  letters  must,  therefore, 
be  used ;  thus  /  represents  the  sound  of  ch  in 
much,  or  tch  in  witch.  The  sign  (  represents 
the  sound  of  th  in  thigh;  and  (  the  corres- 
ponding heavy  sign,  that  of  th  in  thy.  The 
difference  between  these  tAvo  sounds,  consti- 
tutes the  only  difference  between  the  words 
thigh  and  thy  when  spoken.  This  difference  is 
not  noticed  at  all,  in  the  old  method  of  writing, 
though  it  is  equally  as  great,  and  of  the  same 
kind,  as  the  difi'erence  wliich  exists  betw^een 
the  sounds  of  t  and  d,  as  in  the  words  tie, 
die.  (33.)  The  sign  ^  represents  the  sound  sh^ 
heard  in  pressure ;  _-/  that  of  zh  in  pleasure ; 
and  N.^  that  of  ng  in  ring,  sing,  hv-ing. 


20  PHONOGRAPHY. 

21.  The  three  small  signs  attached  to  tlie 
alphabet,  under  the  name  of  ambigues,  represent 
the  sounds  of  w,  y,  and  h  (9).  They  are  written 
in  a  pecuUar  manner,  similar  to  that  in  which 
the  vowels  are  written,  and  wiU  receive  a  par- 
ticular explanation  hereafter  (91,  97,  52).  They 
are  barely  introduced  here  to  complete  the  view 
of  the  consonant-signs ;  but  they  approach  the 
nature  of  vowels,  and,  as  tlieir  forms  are  quite 
different  from  those  of  the  other  consonant- 
signs,  they  are  not  generally  included  when  we 
speak  of  tlie  cdplwbeticcd  characters.  (17.) 

Note.  —  C,  5,  and  t,  in  the  old  alphabet,  have  no  sounds  of 
their  own.  C  sounds  like  k,  in  can.,  like  s  in  cellar,  like  z  in 
suffice,  and  like  sh  in  commercial.  Q  always  has  the  sound  of  k ; 
and  X  sounds  like  ks  in  exercise,  or  like  gz  in  exert.  (77.)  These 
letters,  of  course,  have  nothing  corresponding  to  them  in  phono- 
graphy, in  which  the  sounds  only  that  are  actually  heard  are 
written.  (15.) 

OF   THE    MOVEMENT    OF    THE    HAND    IN   MAKING   THE 
ALPHABETICAL    SIGNS. 

22.  The  perpendicular  and  inclined  signs  are 
made  by  commencing  at  tlie  top  of  the  sign, 
and  carrying  the  hand  downwards.  There  are 
tw^o  or  three  exceptions  to  this  rule,  for  the  sake 
of  greater  convenience  and  elegance  in  writing, 
which  will  be  noticed  in  another  place.  (81.) 


PHONOGRAFHi".  21 

23.  The  five  following  signs,  —  k ;  —  g, 
hard;  ^-^  m,  ^-^  n,  and  ^^  ng  are  called  liorizon- 
teds,  and  are  made  from  left  to  riglit. 

The  point  where  the  pen  begins  to  trace  a 
sign,  is  called  the  beguining  of  the  sign,  and 
the  point  at  which  it  stops  is  called  the  end. 
It  is  important,  as  w^ill  be  seen  in  the  next 
chapter,  that  tliese  directions  for  making  the 
sign  should  always  be  observed.  (36.) 

OF  THE  FORMS  AND  SIZE  OF  THE  ALPHABETICAL 
SIGNS,  AND  OF  THE  BEST  METHOD  OF  HOLDING 
AND    USING    THE    PEN. 

24.  The  simplest  signs  which  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  for  written  characters,  are  I.  the  dot  or 
point,  II.  the  straight  line,  and  III.  the  curve. 
The  dots  are  used  as  vowel-signs.  (34.)  The 
consonant-signs  are,  therefore,  either  straight 
lines  or  curves.  The  curves  are  quarter  circles, 
or  arcs  of  90  degrees ;  thus,  they  are  just  enough 
curved  to  show  distinctly  that  they  are  devia- 
tions from  a  straight  line.      The  straight  line 

,  cannot  be  placed  in  more  than  four  positions, 
with  a  sufficient  difference  to  be  distiuguished 
readily,  and  to  prevent  mistaking  one  sign  for 
another.  These  positions  of  the  straight  line,  as 
it  is  employed  in  phonography,  are  the  follow- 


22 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


mg,  viz, :  a  perpendicular,  a  horizontal,  and  an 
inclination  of  45  de^ 
perpendicular,  thus: 


incUnation  of  45  degrees  on  each  side  of  the 


But  by  making  use  of  hght  and  heavy  lines  the 
number  of  these  signs  is  doubled.  Again,  by 
dividing  the  circle  into  quarters,  in  two  different 
ways,  eight  distinct  curves  are  obtained,  thus :  — 


Then,  by  making  these  curves  hght  and  heavy, 
the  number  is  doubled,  giving  sixteen  curve- 
signs,  which  added  to  the  eight  straight-line 
signs,  make  twenty-four  —  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  hnes  and  curves  wliich  can  be  used 
without  danger  of  confusion.  But  the  number 
of  single  consonants  being  only  twenty-one 
(includmg  ch  and  j),  this  still  leaves  us  a  sur- 
plus of  three  signs,  which  are  subsequently 
brought  into  use. 

25.  A  hne  from  pomt  to  point  of  any  curved- 
sign,  should  be  equal  in  length  to  the  straight- 
line  signs. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  23 

26.  Different  persons  avlU  make  their  con- 
sonant-signs somewhat  different  in  length ;  but 
the  greatest  beauty  of  the  hand-writmg  seems 
to  be  obtained  when  they  are  made  about  one- 
sixth  of  an  inch  long,  thus :  \  ^  —  /^ 
In  the  tables,  at  the  heads  of  the  chapters  in 
this  book,  they  are  enlarged,  so  as  to  strike  the 
eye  more  readily,  and  so  to  aid  the  memory  in 
retaining  them ;  and  the  learner  Avill  do  well 
to  make  them  large  at  first. 

27.  The  curved  hea\y  consonant-signs  should 
be  made  tliick  in  the  middle  only,  and  taper 
off  towards  each  extremit}^,  otherwise  they  will 
present  a  clumsy  appearance. 

28.  The  learner  should  ahvays  write  upon 
hnes,  and  he  may  use  either  a  quill  or  a  steel 
pen,  or  a  pencil  with  wliich  a  hght  or  heavy 
mark  may  easily  be  made.  He  should  be  care- 
ful not  to  hold  the  pen  as  for  common  writing, 
for  this  position  of  the  hand  is  adapted  for  the 
formation  of  letters  constructed  upon  a  totally 
different  principle  from  the  signs  used  in  pho- 
nography. The  pen  should  be  held  loosely  in 
the  hand,  like  a  pencil  for  drawing ;  with  the 
nib  turned  in  such  a  manner  that  the  sign  \ 
can  be  struck  with  ease.  It  is  then  in  a  proper 
position  for  striking  any  sign,  except  /  and 
/   which  are  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence, 


24  PHONOGRAPHY. 

and,  for  these  signs,  the  pen  can  be  turned  in 
the  hand,  as  may  be  easily  done  when  it  is  held 
in  the  manner  described.  Reporters  generally 
write  with  a  pencil,  and  upon  ruled  paper. 
Letters,  and  all  documents  for  future  reference, 
should  be  written  with  a  pen. 

The  beginner  generally  experiences  some 
difficulty,  unless  he  has  been  accustomed  to 
back-handed  writing,  in  making  the  strokes 
from  left  to  right ;  and  is  apt  to  imagine  that 
he  shall  never  be  able  to  strike  \  with  the 
same  ease  with  which  he  can  execute  /  This 
difficulty  is,  however,  entirely  the  result  of  habit 
in  writing  otherwise;  and  after  a  very  short 
practice  he  will  find  that  the  muscles  acquire 
complete  faciUty  in  this  and  all  the  other  move- 
ments required  in  Phonography, — proving  that 
the  hand  is  an  instrument  admirably  adapted 
to  the  execution  of  all  geometrical  forms. 

29.  No  effort  should  be  made  by  the  learner, 
at  first,  to  write  rapidly  ;  accuracy  alone  should 
be  aimed  at,  and  rapidity  will  be  the  necessary 
result  of  practice.  Ruled  paper  is  preferable, 
especially  for  beginners,  though  not  absolutely 
necessary.  When  plain  umnled  paper  is  used, 
a  line  is  always  presumed  to  pass  tlirough 
the  bottom  of  the  consonants,  as  they  occur 
singly,  thus:  V^    |    "^  &c. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  25 

CLASSIFICATION    OF    THE    CONSONANTS. 
TABLE. 


O  m 

"3  3 


k 


4    Whispered,  "^  (  \  P  1  *  /  ch  — 

>•  Abrupts< 
4  Spoken.       )  (\  b  I  d  /j     — „ 

4   mispered,^  g^^^._    jV  f         (th      )  s      .^sh 
4  Spoken.       )  ^^^''^       (.  ^  V         ( <A      )  z       ^  zh 

2  Liquids  f     \  \  r 

3  Resonants  .-^^  TO.  ^-^  n  ^-«^ng 
3                         Ambigues    *    w              **   y  •    h 

EXPLANATION. 

30.  The  system  of  Mr.  Pitman  is  founded  upon  a  minute 
aaid  careful  examination  of  the  organs  of  speech.  He  was  led, 
therefore,  to  place  the  letter  p,  the  sound  of  which  is  the  least 
complicated  of  all  the  articulations,  at  the  head  of  his  alpha- 
betical arrangement.  This  sound  is  formed  at  the  very  edges 
of  the  lips,  not  requiring  the  assistance  either  of  the  teeth,  the 
3 


26  PHONOUKArxix. 

tongue,  or  the  palate,  in  its  production  ;  and  is  among  the  first 
consonant  sounds  uttered  by  a  cliild.  Next,  in  order,  stands 
h,  and  then,  according  to  his  arrangement,  t,  d,  «Scc 

It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  arrangement  of  the  alpha- 
bet Avhich  we  have  adopted,  and  to  which  we  have  adhered 
throughout  the  present  work,  will  exJdhit  the  beautiful  har- 
mony of  the  system  resulting  from  Mr.  Pitman's  analysis  of 
the  sounds,  in  a  degree  of  which  he  himself  has  been  hardly 
aware.  Truth,  when  once  discovered,  unfolds  new  beauties  to 
all  who  contemplate  it. 

In  the  above  arrangement  of  the  alphabet,  if  we  first  sepa- 
rate the  signs  into  perpendicular  columns,  as  they  stand,  the 
several  columns  will  represent  the  several  classes  of  consonant 
sounds,  with  reference  to  their  local  and  organic  formation, 
that  is,  with  reference  to  the  parts  of  the  mouth  at  which,  and 
by  which,  they  are  formed.  If  we  separate  them  again  hori- 
zontally, they  represent  the  same  sounds,  classified  with  refe- 
rence to  the  application  of  the  organs  in  forming  them,  and 
the  resulting  nature  or  quality  of  the  sounds  themselves.  The 
vacant  spaces,  in  the  alphabetical  table,  may  be  filled  by  the 
signs  of  sounds  which  are  heard  in  foreign  languages.* 

*  The  Alphabet  of  Nature,  embracing  the  sounds  of  which  all  languages 
ai'C  composed,  includes  a  given  number  of  sounds,  probably  not  exceed- 
ing in  all  sixty  vowels  and  consonants.  From  these,  the  English  select 
those  sounds  which  are  neccssarj-  for  their  language,  and  the  French,  the 
Spanish,  the  (Germans,  &c.,  those  which  they  require,  always  within  the 
same  general  circuit  of  sounds ;  but  each  leaving  some  sounds  unemployed, 
which  are  found  in  the  Alphabet  of  Nature.  To  discover  and  arrange 
Ihe  full  alphabet  of  nature,  is  a  distiuct  branch  of  the  wTiting  and  printing 
reformation.  The  present  work  relates  only  to  the  English  language ; 
but,  as  this  language  has  in  it  an  unusually  large  number  of  sounds,  most 
other  languages  can  be  written  quite  intelligibly  by  our  phonetic  alpha- 
bet )•( 


PHONOGRAPHY.  27 


FIRST   DIVISION    OF    THE    COXSONAXTS. 

31.  In  the  first  division  of  the  consonant  sounds,  we  begin 
with  those  formed  at  the  lips,  a&p,  h,f,  &c. ;  we  tlien  go  back  to 
the  region  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue,  and  the  teeth,  as  t,  d,  &c. ; 
then  to  the  hard  palate  or  roof  of  the  mouth,  a  Httle  back  of 
the  teeth,  as  ch,  sh,  &c.,  and,  finally,  to  the  root  of  tlie  tongue, 
near  the  throat,  where  the  k  is  formed.  Hence,  tliese  several 
classes  are  called,  I.  Labials  or  Zip-sounds ;  IT.  Linguo- 
dentals  (tongiic-teeth  sounds)  ;  III.  Palatals ;  and  IV.  Gut- 
turals or  Tftr oat-sounds. 

The  Labials  are  made  by  quite  or  partially  closing  the  lips, 
or  by  placing  the  upper  teeth  upon  the  lower  lip.  The 
Linguo-dentals,  by  placing  the  point  of  the  tongue  against  the 
tips  or  roots  of  the  teeth,  or  bringing  them  nearly  into  contact. 
The  Palatals  are  made  in  nearly  the  same  manner,  but  a 
little  farther  back ;  and  the  Gutturals  by  pressing  the  root,  or 
body  of  the  tongue,  against  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

SECOND    DIVISION    OF    THE    CONSONANTS. 

32.  The  second  division  of  the  consonant  sounds,  relates,  as 
already  stated,  to  the  method  of  applying  the  organs  in  form- 
ing them,  and  to  the  resulting  nature  or  quality  of  the  sounds. 
Tliey  are  denominated,  accordingly,  I.  Abrnpts  ;  II.  Semi- 
vowels ;  III.  Liquids ;  IV.  Hesonants,  or  JV^asals ;  and  V. 
Ambigues. 

I.  The  abinrpts,  are  made  by  a  complete  contact  of  the 
organs  of  speech,  interrupting,  or  entirely  stopping  the  breath 
or  voice,  and  are  the  most  perfect  of  the  consonants.  (11.) 
They  are  divided  into  whispered  and  spoken,  a  diiference  which 
requires  a  special  explanation.     ''33.) 


28  PHONOGRAPHY. 

11.  The  semi-vowels  are  made  by  a  less  perfect  contact  of 
the  organs  of  speech,  so  that  the  breath  or  voice  partially 
escapes  while  they  are  uttered.  Hence,  as  they  begin  to  ap- 
proximate towards  the  character  of  vowels,  they  are  called 
semi  or  half-vowels.  They  are,  likewise,  both  whispered  and 
spoken.  (9,  10.) 

HI.  The  liquids  permit  a  still  freer  escape  of  the  breath, 
and  hence  approach  more  nearly  to  the  nature  of  vowels  than 
the  semi-vowels.  They  have  so  much  of  the  vowel  character, 
that  they  readily  unite  with  the  other  consonants,  (abrupts 
and  resonants)  forming  double  consonants,  and  sometimes 
syllables,  without  the  aid  of  any  vowel.  (102.) 

IV.  The  resonants  or  nasals  combine,  in  their  formation, 
the  character  of  the  abrupts  and  liquids.  They  are  made  by 
complete  contacts  of  the  parts  of  the  mouth,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  the  sounding  breath,  or  voice,  is  permitted  freely  to  es- 
cape into  the  cavities  of  the  head,  and  through  the  nose. 

V.  The  ambigues  hold,  as  it  were,  a  middle  place  between 
the  vowels  and  consonants.  They  are  the  feeblest  of  all  the 
consonants,  seeming  to  be  mere  modifications  of  vowels,  by 
which  the  breath  is  very  slightly  obstructed.  (21.) 

Note  i.  —  There  are  two  sounds  among  the  abrupts,  as  given  above, 
which,  it  is  thought  by  some,  may  be  analysed  into  simpler  elements. 
These  are  /  ch.  and  /  j ;  the  first  of  which  seems  to  be  composed 
of  I  t.  and  ^  sh.  and  the  other  of  |  d,  and  ^  :Ji,  but,  for  practical 
purposes,  it  is  found  extremely  convenient  to  represent  them  by  single 
signs. 

Note  it.  —  Tlie  sounds  of —~  and-—  and  >»/  are  made  by  stopping  the 
voice  at  the  lips,  teeth,  and  throat,  and  are  classed  accordingly  as  Labial, 
Lingno-dcntal,  and  Guttural ;  but.  at  the  same  time  that  the  voice  is  stopped 
at  these  points,  it  is  thrown  into  the  nose,  or  sounding  board  of  the  head, 
and  made  to  ring  there ;  hence  they  are  called  t-esonants,  from  the  Latin, 
resonare,  to  ring,  wlien  we  wish  to  speak  of  the  quality  of  the  sound ;  and 
nasals,  when  we  speak  of  the  seat  of  sound,  at  which  the  peculiar  quality 
of  their  sound  is  imparted.    They  are  generally  known  by  this  last  name. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  29 

From  this  (lesorii)tion.  it  is  obvious  tliat  they  are  also  a  species  of 
cnibtifues,  connecting  two  classes  of  consonant-sounds,  -while  the  ambigucs, 
so  called,  connect  the  vowels  and  consonants  willi  each  other.  A  strict 
attention  to  the  place  in  the  month  where  the  different  sounds  arc  formed, 
will  do  a  great  deal  to  help  tiie  memory  in  retaining  the  signs. 


OF  THE  DIFFERENCE  BETWEEN  THE  WIIISPEUED  AND  THE 
SPOKEN  CONSONANTS  REPRESENTED  BY  TIIE  LIGHT  AND 
HEAVY   LINES    IN    TIIE    ALPHABET. 

83.  It  will  be  seen  by  tlie  student  that  the  abrupts  and  semi- 
vowels are  arranged  in  pairs,  one  of  each  pair  being  represented 
by  a  t/tin  or  liffht  line,  and  the  other  by  a  corresponding  thick 
or  heavy  line.  3iy  attending  to  any  two  of  the  soiuids  thus 
classed  together,  it  will  be  found  that  one  is,  in  fact,  but  a  very 
slight  modification  of  the  other ;  thus  the  sounds  of  \  p,  and 
\  bj  for  example,  are  almost  identical.  We  often  hear  per- 
sons saying  babtist  for  baptist,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  Jacup 
for  Jacob,  without  their  being  aware  that  they  pronounce  dif- 
ferently from  others. 

To  follow  nature,  tlierefore,  and  preserve  a  correspondence 
between  signs  and  sounds,  the  signs  should  be  so  formed  as  to 
show  the  resemblance  of  different  sounds,  as  well  as  their  dif- 
i'erence  ;  hence,  there  should  be  an  analogy  between  the  form 
of  the  sign  and  the  sound  represented  by  it.  Upon  this  prin- 
cijral  the  Phonographic  alphabet  is  made.  The  sound  of  p 
being  a  liglit  whispered  sound,  is  represented  by  a  thin  or  light 
stroke  \  and  the  corresponding  sound  of  b  being  a  heavy  inton- 
ation of  the  voice,  is  represented  by  a  heavy  stroke,  \  being 
in  the  same  position  as  \  Thus,  both  the  difference  between 
the  sounds  p  and  b,  and  their  resemblance,  are  at  once  repre- 
sented. The  same  law  of  correspondence  in  sounds  is  found 
to  prevail  in  the  alphabet  of  nature,  dividing  them  into  pairs  ; 
and  the  same  rule  of  representation,  by  light  and  heavy  corres- 
3* 


30  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ponding  signs,  has,  therefore,  been  adopted,  both  aa  respects 
vowels  and  consonants.  It  is  natural  to  represent  a  light 
sound  by  a  light  stroke,  and,  in  writing,  it  is  perfectly 
easy  to  make  it. 

The  same  may  be  said  in  reference  to  a  heavy  sound. 
After  a  short  practice  in  writing,  every  pupil  finds  that  the 
heavy  strokes  are  made  without  any  additional  effort ;  they 
flow  from  the  pen  with  as  much  facility  as  their  corresponding 
heavy  sounds  do  from  the  lips.  If  we  observe  more  clearly  the 
nature  of  the  difference  between  the  light  and  the  heavy  inton- 
ations of  these  consonant  sounds,  we  find  that  it  depends  on  the 
time  at  which  the  speaking  or  loud  voice  is  joined  to  or  with- 
drawn from  the  utterance  of  the  elements.  When  we  utter 
the  mere  elementary  sound  of />,  for  example,  not  following  it 
by  a  vowel  or  joining  it  to  anything  which  precedes  or  follows 
it,  it  is  heard  as  a  whisper  only  ;  and,  if,  then,  a  vowel  is  made 
to  follow,  so  as  to  form  a  word,  as  pay,  the  speaking,  or  loud 
voice,  begins  to  be  heai'd  just  at  the  instant  when  the  lips  are 
opened.  But  when  we  utter  the  sound  of  h,  as  a  mere  element, 
we  hear  the  loud  voice  a  moment  before  the  lips  are  parted. 
This  difference  will  become  still  more  obvious,  if  a  person 
endeavors  to  make  these  two  sounds  without  opening  the  lips 
at  all.  In  the  first  case  no  sound  will  be  heard ;  and,  in  the 
other,  a  heavy  rumbling  of  the  voice,  forcing  its  way,  as  it 
were,  outward,  will  be  distinctly  audible.  At  the  end  of  a 
syllable  the  case  is  reversed.  In  making  the  sound  of  />, 
the  speaking  voice  is  withdrawn  just  at  the  instant  at  which 
the  lips  close ;  as  in  top,  fop,  and  in  making  that  of  h,  it  con- 
tinues to  be  heard  a  moment  after,  as  in  roh,  fob. 

The  first  series  of  abrupts  and  semi-vowels,  gre  hence  called 
whispered  consonants,  and  the  second  spoken  consonants. 

The  similarity  of  these  two  classes  of  consonant-sounds  is  so 
great,  that,  if  at  any  time  the  difference  in  the  weight  of  the 
lines  is  not  clearly  made,  this  circumstance  does  not  seriously 


PHONOGRAPHY.  31 

affect  the  legibility  of  the  writing  to  the  experienced  Phono- 
grapher.  Thus,  for  example,  if  the  word  Massachusetts  were 
written  so  as  to  be  pronounced  Mazajuzedz^  it  could  hardly  be 
mistaken,  and  the  intention  of  the  writer  would  be  quite 
obvious. 

It  is  by  availing  ourselves  of  this  natural  analogy  of  the 
sounds,  and  denoting  it  by  characters  having  a  corresponding 
analogy,  that  we  .are  enabled  to  represent  all  the  consonant 
sounds  by  signs  which  are  simple  geometrical  figures  —  the 
straight-line  and  the  curve,  —  which  cannot  be  done  other- 
wise, and  which  has  never  before  been  accomplished  in  any 
system  of  writing. 


32  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  IL 

OF  THE  SniPLE  YOWEL-SIGNS,  AND  OF  THE 
ASPIRATE. 

TABLE. 

First  Group.  Second  Group. 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    SIMPLE    VOWEL-SIGNS. 

34.  There  are  thirteen  simple  vowels  in  our 
language,  tlie  signs  for  which  are  diAdded  into 
two  groups;  and  hence  they  will  be  distin- 
guished as  ihejirst  and  second  group  of  vowel- 
signs. 

The  vowel-signs  of  each  group  are  so 
arranged,  as  to  show  the  different  positions  in 
which  they  are  placed  to  the  consonant-signs. 
They  have  three  positions,  and  are  called 
1st  place,  2d  place,  and  3d  place  vowel-signs, 
accorduig  to  their  position. 

When  the  vowel-signs  are  placed  at  the 
beginning  of  a  consonant-sign,  they  are  called 
Jirst-pkice ;  at  the  middle,  second-place ;  and  at 


PHONOGRAPHY.  33 

the  end,  thirdrplace  vowel-signs ;  and  they  have 
a  local  value ;  that  is,  they  represent  different 
vowel  sounds,  according  to  their  position. 

The  signs  of  the  1st  group  are  dots  or 
points;  the  signs  of  tlie  2d  group  are  short 
dashes. 

The  dots  and  dashes  are  made  both  lieaAy 
and  hght.  The  heavy  dots  and  dashes  repre- 
sent fuU  vow^els,  and  the  light  dots  and  dashes 
represent  the  corresponding  stopped  vowels. 
The  difference  between  these  two  kinds  of 
vowels  will  be  subsequently  explained.  (47.) 

OF  THE  MODE  OF  PLACING  THE  VOWEL-SIGNS  TO 
THE  PERPENDICULAR  AND  INCLINED  CONSONANT 
SIGNS. 

35.  In  writing,  the  consonarit-sign  is  made 
first,  and  the  vowel-sign  is  afterwards  placed 
to  it. 

If  the  vowel  occurs  before  the  consonant, 
the  vowel-sign  is  placed  on  the  left-hand  side 
of  the  consonant  sign,  provided  the  consonant- 
sign  is  perpendicular  or  inclined,  whether  a 
straight  line  or  a  curve.  But,  if  the  vowel 
occurs  after  the  consonant,  the  sign  for  it  is 
placed  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  consonant- 
sign. 


34  PHONOGRAPHY. 

OF    THE    SIMPLE    VOWEL-SIGNS. 

36.  The  heavy  dot,  when  placed  m  the  first 
position,  opposite  the  beginning  of  the  conso- 
nant-sign, represents  the  fall  sound  of  e  in  feet; 
thus,  ]  eat,  and  |'  tea.  When  it  is  placed  in 
the  second  position,  opposite  the  middle  of  the 
consonant-sign,  it  represents  the  full  sound  of 
a  in  mate;  thus,  \  ape;  \  paij.  WTien 
placed  in  the  third  position,  opposite  the  end 
of  the  consonant-sign,  it  represents  the  fiill 
sound  of  a  in psahn;  thus,  \,  pa;  \.  bah. 

The  heavy  dots  are  called  the  full  vowel- 
signs  of  the  FIRST  GROUP. 

37.  The  light  dot,  placed  at  ihe  first  position, 
that  is,  opposite  the  beginning  of  the  consonant- 
sign,  represents  the  stopped  sound  of  i  in  fit ; 
tlius,  ^  it ;  \^if.  At  the  second,  opposite  the 
middle,  Mke  e  in  met ;  thus,  f  ell;  \  ebb.  At 
tlie  third,  opposite  the  end,  like  a  in  Sam;  thus, 
J   at;   3  ^5- 

The  hght  dots  are  called  the  stopped  vowel- 
signs  of  the  first  group. 

The  heavi/  dash,  placed  at  the  first  position, 
represents  the  sound  of  au  in  caught ;  thus,  "] 
ought;  I"    daw.      At  the  second,  that  of  u  in 
cur;  thus,  ~>\  err.     At  the  third,  or  end,  that  of 
00  in  fool;  thus,  |_  two;  J  ooze. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  35 

38.  The  heavy  dash,  which,  in  the  table,  is 
placed  in  a  perpendicular  position,  is  made 
parallel  to  the  consonant-sign,  and  represents 
the  sound  of  o  in  hone ;  it  is  placed  in  the 
Second  position,  opposite  the  middle  of  the  con- 
sonant-sign; thus,  \  how;  ^  show;  i|  ode; 
(i   dough.* 

The  heavy  dashes  are  called  the  full  vowel- 
Mgns  of  the  second  group. 

39.  The  light  dash,  placed  at  the  first  position, 
"represents  the  sound  of  o  in  hot ;  thus,  "j  odd; 
\,of.  At  the  second,  that  of  u  in  cut,  curry ; 
"thus,  \  vp.  At  the  third,  that  of  «/  in  full; 
thus,  V..^  or  V  /  foot. 

The  light  dashes  are  called  the  stopped 
vowel-signs  of  the  second  group. 

The  dashes  should  be  written  at  risht  ansles 
to  the  consonant-signs,  or,  when  more  con- 
venient, they  may  be  a  httle  mclined;  thus, 
ought  may  be  written  either  "|  or  **[  or  \, 
but  the  sign  for  o  must  always  be  made  parallel 
to  the  consonant-sign,  as  above.  (38.) 

*  The  full  vowel  o  has  no  corresponding  stopped  sound  in  the 
English  language,  and,  therefore,  there  is  no  parallel  Towel-sign  in 
the  table  of  vowel-signs.  The  stopped  sound  of  o,  though  not  re- 
■feognised,  is  sometimes  heard  in  the  American  pronunciation  of  the 
words  stone  home,  whole,  &c. 


36  PHONOGRAPHY. 


OF    THE    MODE     OF    PLACING    THE    VOWEL-SIGNS   TO 
THE    HORIZONTAL    CONSONANT-SIGNS. 

40.  The  metliod  of  placing  the  vowel-signs 
to  tlie  horizontals,  ^-^  ^-^  —  —  ^w'  necessarily 
differs  from  that  which  we  have  explained  wdth 
reference  to  the  perpendicular  and  inclined 
consonant-signs.  They  are  placed  above  and 
below,  in  this  manner ;  viz.,  if  the  vowel  occurs 
before  the  consonant,  the  vowel-sign  is  written 
above  the  horizontal  consonant-sign ;  if  it  occurs 
after  the  consonant,  it  is  written  below.  The  Jirst- 
place  vowel-sign  occupies  a  position  at  the  be- 
ginning ;  the  second-place  at  the  middle ;  and 
the  third-place  at  the  end  of  the  consonant- 
sign  ;  (23.)  the  order  of  the  vowel-signs  being, 
in  this  case,  from  left  to  right ;  thus,  • —  eke ; 
v»^  own  ;  -^  egg  ;  ^-v-  am,  in  which  words  the 
vowel  occurs  before  the  consonant;  and,  s —  key; 
-B^  knon' ;  .-^  may;  ^->  ma;  in  which  the 
vowel  occurs  after  the  consonant 

With  respect  to  the  horizontals,  therefore,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  Ave  ^ead  from  above, 
downwards,  instead  of  from  lej  to  right,  as  we 
read  with  the  perpendicular  and  inclined  con- 
sonant-signs. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  37 


OF    THE    METHOD    OF  NUMBERING    THE  VOWEL-SIGNS. 

41.  As  before  stated,  the  vowel-sig-ns  are  called 
1st,  2nd,  and  3rd  place  vowel-signs,  according- 
as  they  occupy  the  1st,  2nd,  or  3rd  position 
against  the  consonant-sign  to  which  they  are 
written,  that  is,  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or 
end.  It  is  of  the  highest  importance  to  the 
student  of  Phonograi^hy  that  he  should  con- 
stantly associate  each  vowel  wdth  the  position 
which  its  sign  must  occupy. 

The  following  table  w^ill  give  an  exact  y'iqw 
of  the  simple  vowel-signs  with  reference  to  their 
position :  — 

TABLE    OF    THE    PLACES    OP    THE    VOWEL-SIGXS. 

1  St  place.              e       I  e       I  au       |  ati      j 

eat  it  aught  odd 

ind  place.            a     •[  a  /^  o     "J       uh  ^  uli  X 

eight  ell  ode             ei-r  up 

hrd  place.           ah  ~^  ah      J  <^o     j_  6o   ;_ 

are  at  do  (omitted) 

Note.  —  The  stopped-vowels  are  designated  in  the  table, 
when  printed  in  the  letters  of  the  old  alphabet,  by  the  small 
half  circle  over  the  same  letter  which  represents  the  corres- 
ponding full  vowel ;  thus,  e  is  stopped  e  in  jit,  (not  short  i,)  a 
is  stopped  a  in  met,  «fec.  The  phonographic  vowel-signs  are 
placed  to  different  consonant-signs  so  as  to  form  words.  By 
committing  these  words  to  memory,  as  they  occur  in  each  of 
the  lines  in  the  preceding  table,  the  positions  of  the  signs  will 
be  easily  retained. 

4 


452150 


88  PHONOGRAPHY. 


OF  THE  MODE  OP  CLASSIFYING  AND  NUMBERING  THB 
VOWELS,  CONSIDERED  AS  SOUNDS,  WITHOUT  REFERENCE 
TO   THEIR   SIGNS. 

42.  The  simple  vowels  form  one  series,  which  are  divided 
into  two  corresponding  classes  —  the  full  and  the  stopped 
vowels.  They  are  numbered  from  one  to  seven  in  each  class, 
as  follows :  — 

Frdl 


No. 

1. 

e  as 

;  in 

feet. 

u 

2. 

a 

(( 

mate. 

u 

3. 

ah 

« 

psalm. 

u 

4. 

au 

« 

naughL 

(( 

5. 

uh 

(( 

CUT. 

(( 

6. 

0 

f( 

note. 

u 

7. 

00 

(C 

fool. 

Stopped. 

No. 

1. 

e  as 

1  in 

fit. 

(( 

2. 

a 

« 

met. 

(( 

3. 

ah 

(( 

Sam. 

(( 

4. 

au 

ii 

cot. 

(( 

5. 

uh 

(I 

cwrry. 

(( 

6. 

has  no  corrcapondinj;  atopped 
Bound  in  English. 

(C 

7. 

6o 

u 

foot. 

43.  The  vowels  in  the  first  column  above,  are  called,  the 
first,  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh, /«/?  vowels ; 
and  those  in  the  second  column,  the  stopped  \ovfeh.  The 
stopped  vowels  are  short  sounds  which  correspond  to  the 
full  vowels,  and  are  numbered  accordingly.  Both  the  full  and 
stopped  vowels  should  be  learned,  so  that  the  pupil  will  know 
each  one  separately  by  the  number  wliich  it  holds  in  the 
series^ 


PHONOGRAPHY.  39 

44.  The  vowels  are  ranged  in  both  clashes,  in  their  na- 
tural order,  somewhat  like  the  musical  notes  in  the  gamut. 
At  No.  1  the  mouth  is  least  opened,  and  the  corners  of  the 
lips  most  drawn  back ;  hence  it  is  called  the  slenderest  and 
the  sharpest  of  the  vowels.  No.  2  opens  the  mouth  a  little 
^ore ;  No.  3  still  more  ;  and  No.  4  most  of  all ;  hence  this  is 
called  the  broadest  vowel.  At  No.  5  the  mouth  is  less  opened. 
In  pronouncing  the  full  vowel  of  this  number,  the  organs  of 
speech  are  relaxed  into  their  natural  or  unconstrained  position, 
and  vocal  breath  is  uttered  through  them  in  that  shape  ;  hence 
this  is  called  the  natural  votoel.  (50.)  At  No.  6,  the  mouth 
being  nearly  in  the  same  position,  the  lips  are  rounded  nearly 
into  a  circle ;  and  at  No.  7  they  are  protruded  into  a  tube. 
Hence,  this  last  may  be  called  the  roundest  of  the  vowels. 
If  we  place  these  vowels,  therefore,  to  a  triangular  diagram, 
the  numbers,  one,  four,  and  seven,  wiU  occupy  the  angles ; 
the  others  are  intermediate,  thus  — 

4  au 
3  ah  ^^^-"''^     ^~^~-^iih  5  (natural  vowel.) 

1  e  ^■'"'^^ _^:r:^oo  7 

45.  The  1st  and  4th  sounds  maybe  regarded  as  the  oppo- 
sites  of  each  other,  in  the  qualities  signified  by  the  terms 
slender  and  broad,  and  the  1st  and  7th  as  the  extremes  in  those 
qualities  which  are  called  sharp  and  round.  Analogies  of 
this  kind  have  always  been  perceived,  and  have  given  rise  to 
the  different  designations  of  sounds,  as  long,  aq4  short,  broad, 
flat,  &c. 

46.  The  whole  series  of  seven  sounds,  forms  a  harmonious 
and  graduated  succession,  only  slightly  interrupted  by  the 
fifth  or  natural  vowel,  among  the  fuU  vowels. 


40  PHONOGRAPHY. 


DISTINCTION    BETWEEN    THE     TERMS     STOPPED    AND   FULL, 
AND    LONG    AND    SHORT. 

47.  It  will  be  seen,  in  the  preceding  table,  that  there  are  two 
classes  of  simple  vowels,  which  have  a  perceptible  corres- 
pondence with  each  other,  while  they  do  not  represent  pre- 
cisely the  same  quahty  of  sound. 

The  first  class  are  called  full,  and  the  second  stopped. 
These  terms  must  not  be  confounded  with  long  and  short,  which 
relate,  not  to  the  quality  or  the  nature  of  the  sounds,  but 
merely  to  the  quantity  of  the  sound  uttered,  or  rather  to  the 
length  of  time  during  which  the  sound  is  continued.  The 
stopped  vowels  are,  in  fact,  always  short,  but  the  full  vowels 
are  not  uniformly  long.  They  are  generally  long  in  accented 
syllables,  and  short  in  those  that  are  not  accented ;  thus,  in  the 
words  mate.  Saviour,  afrotid,  the  rowel  a  is  full  and  long,  and 
in  Sunday,  aeriel,  gateway,  it  is,  at  the  same  time,  both  fuU 
and  short.  The  full  vowels,  whether  long  or  short,  are  written 
in  the  same  manner,  by  the  full  vowel-signs,  that  is,  by  the 
heavy  dots  and  dashes.  The  distinction,  not  being  essential 
and  uniform,  but  varying  with  the  emphasis  and  other  inci- 
dental circumstances  of  speech,  belongs  as  much  to  expression 
as  to  correct  pronunciation. 

The  stopped  vowels  in  the  English  language  are  always 
followed  by  a  consonant  sound  in  the  same  syllable.  A  vowel, 
not  so  followed,  though  it  may  be  short,  is  alwAja  ftdl,  and 
must  be  written  with  a  large  dot  or  dash  ;  for  example,  in  the 

1  1     S    4    5   S   7 

word  indivisibility,  the  second,  fourth,  sixth,  and  seventh, 
syllables  have  the  short  quantity  of  the  first  full  vowel,  which 
is  accordingly  represented  in  each,  when  written,  by  the  first- 
place  heavy  dot,  though  the  beginner  would  be  very  likely 
to  use  the  small  dot  for  every  syllable. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  41 

A  full  vowel  is,  therefore,  merely  a  vowel  which  expires 
naturally  after  either  a  long  or  a  short  duration,  and  a  stopped 
vowel  is  one  which  is  abruptly  broken  off  in  the  utterance.* 


PABTICTTLAK   OBSERVATIOKS    UPON    SOME    OF   THE  VOWELS. 

48.  There  is  one  other  vowel  sound,  coming  between  the 
second  and  third  vowels,  and  heard  in  the  words  air,  there, 
care,  pair,  hare,  &c.  This  sound  only  occurs  in  English  when 
followed  by  the  consonant  r  in  the  same  syllable,  and  is  pro- 
duced by  the  corrupting  influence  of  this  consonant,  which,  not 
being  a  perfect  contact,  but  a  mere  trill  or  jar  of  the  tongue, 
has  a  constant  tendency  to  lose  its  consonant  character,  and,  by 
combining  with  the  preceding  vowel,  to  change  its  pure  sound. 

This  vowel  may  be  described,  when  necessary,  as  No.  2\. 

*  It  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Pitman,  and  Mr.  Ellis,  as  the  essential  pecu- 
liarity of  the  stopped  vowels,  that  they  cannot  be  pronounced,  except  when 
followed  by  a  consonant  in  the  same  syllable.  "We  are  not  quite  satisfied 
with  this  description  of  the  stopped  vowels.  Any  vowel  is,  it  seems  to  us, 
stopped,  in  the  same  sense  in  which  we  speak  of  a  stopped  vowel,  when  it 
is,  as  it  were,  snapped  off  by  a  sudden  and  abrupt  suspension  of  the  voice, 
whether  a  consonant  sound  be  heard  after  it  or  not.  The  fourth  tone  of 
the  Chinese,  called  Yap  shing,  is  nothing  else  but  the  stopped  utterance  of 
the  vowels,  and,  what  is  veiy  much  in  point,  in  the  Canton  dialect  it  is 
always  followed  by  p,  t,  or  k,  the  three  most  perfect  and  abrupt  consonant 
sounds,  while  in  the  Mandarin,  a  more  effeminate  dialect,  the  consonants 
are  entirely  left  off,  the  vowels  still  retaining  the  same  tone,  which  is  des- 
cribed by  the  Chinese  scholars,  as  '  short,  snatched,  abrupt,  and  quickly 
-treasured  up.'  In  the  Seneca,  one  of  the  North  American  Indian  lan- 
■guages,  there  is  likewise  an  entire  series  of  stopped  vowels,  which  end 
syllables  and  words.  This  pronunciation  is  marked  by  afhxiug  the  cha^ 
racter  hi  which  is  not  sounded,  but  merely  shows  that  the  voice  is  sud- 
denly suspended.  We  have  an  instance  of  the  same  kind  in  the  English 
interjection,  cA  /  abruptly,  and,  as  we  think,  ordinarily  pronounced.  (6.) 
If  so,  this  forms  an  exception  to  the  rule  in  the  text 

4* 


42  PHONOGRAPHY. 

It  occurs  in  foreign  languages  and  provincialisms,  not  followed 
by  r,  and  the  proper  vowel-sign  for  it  is,  two  heavy  dots 
placed  opposite  to  the  middle  of  the  consonant-sign  and 
parallel  with  it ;  thus,  \  and  -n^  express  a  local  pronun- 
ciation of  \,  Pa,  and  ^-j  Ma,  the  contracted  forms  of  the 
words  Papa  and  Mamma. 

In  ordinary  writing,  however,  one  of  the  dots  is  omitted, 
leaving  the  second  vowel-sign,  which  will  then  be  read  with 
this  peculiar  sound,  when  followed  by  the  consonant  r,  so  that 
xio  ambiguity  results  from  this  omission.  The  woi-d  air  is, 
therefore,  written  thus,  "^  and  other  words  of  this  kind  in 
the  same  manner. 

49.  The  3d  vowel  ah,  {a  in  ^athev,)  is  named  and  sounded, 
as  we  frequently  hear  the  name  of  the  consonant  r  imperfectly 
uttered  in  naming  the  letters  of  the  old  alphabet.  Some  be- 
ginners are  troubled  by  this  circumstance  to  distinguish  when 
the  vowel  or  when  the  consonant  is  meant  The  difficulty 
■will  be  removed  by  considering  the  nature  of  the  consonant  r, 
which  is,  in  most  languages,  a  strong  triU  or  sudden  vibration 
of  the  tongue,  and  is  so  pronounced  by  the  Irish  and  Scotch  in 
speaking  English.  The  English  and  Americans,  however, 
seldom  pronounce  the  r  as  an  actual  trill,  but  merely  turn  up 
the  point  of  the  tongue,  and  very  slightly  obstruct  the  vocal 
breath  —  a  modification  of  the  sound  which  is  termed  the  half- 
Irill.  At  the  end  of  a  syllable  this  obstruction  is  hardly  per- 
ceived by  many  persons,  and,  by  incorrect  speakers,  is  fre- 
quently not  even  made,  so  that,  in  pronouncing  the  word 
'^y  err,  for  example,  nothing  is  really  heard  but  the  natural 
or  full  vowel  tih.  In  the  same  manner,  inasmuch  as  the  old 
name  of  this  consonant  is  made  by  prefixing  a,  sounded  like  the 
third  full  vowel  (ah)  to  the  letter  r,  thus  ar,  and  as  the  trill, 
■which  the  r  should  represent,  is  then  sometimes  suppressed, 
this  vowel  comes  to  be,  in  fact,  all  of  the  name  that  is  heard, 
when  the  consonant  is  spoken  of.     This  difficulty  is  obviated 


PHONOGRAPHY.  43 

by  calling  the  consonant  re,  instead  of  ar ;  but  the  phono- 
grapher  has  but  little  occasion  for  the  name,  as  he  should 
accustom  himself  to  give  the  sound  instead,  which  it  will  be 
best  for  him  to  practise  as  Sifull  trill.  This  consonant,  there- 
fore, must  be  written,  in  phonography,  at  the  end  of  syllables, 
or  following  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  as  it  is  slightly 
heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  best  speakers,  though  the 
general  usage  seems  to  tend  to  the  complete  obliteration  of  this 
sound  in  these  positions. 

50.  The  fifth  full  vowel  u7i  is  called  the  natural  voivel, 
because  it  is  made  while  the  organs  rest  in  the  most  easy 
and  unrestrained  position ;  thus,  by  merely  opening  the 
mouth,  we  breathe  out  the  voice  without  any  effort  to 
modulate  it,  and  the  vowel  is  formed.  This  sound,  the 
most  frequent  one  in  the  language,  occurs  very  often  in 
most  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  none  of  which  have  any 
letter  in  tlieir  existing  alphabets  to  represent  it.  It  is  repre- 
sented, in  English,  in  the  old  orthography,  or  heterograpliy, 
by  all  the  vowels  in  turn,  and  by  numerous  combinations  of 
these  vowels  besides.  When  the  vowels  of  the  old  alphabet 
have  this  sound,  they  are  designated,  in  some  of  the  more 
recent  dictionaries,  as  obscure.  It  is  heard  in  the  following 
words,  where  the  vowel  is  printed  in  italics,  or  where  a  hyphen 
is  inserted  :  —  along,  China,  impox'tant,  practical,  shopman, 
lover,  confident,  dozen,  nadt'r,  orator,  error,  anger,  honor, 
partic-le,  fab-le,  bott-le,  schis-m,  rheumatis-m,  ryth-m ;  sir, 
fir,  firm,  her,  cwr,  bwrr. 

In  all  these,  and  similar  cases,  this  vowel  sound  is  repre- 
sented in  phonography,  by  the  heavy  dash  at  the  second  or 
middle  place,  at  right  angles  with,  or  inclined  to  the  consonant 
character ;  as  in  the  words  ^  Anna,  -4-  ago. 

51.  The  learner  must  not  forget  that  a  full  vowel  is  not 
always  long.  (47.)  This  vowel  is,  in  fact,  never  long  in 
English,  except  when  followed  by  an  r  in  the  same  syllable, 


44  PHONOGRAPHY. 

as  in  sir,  her,  burr,  &c. ;  in  which  case  some  other  vowel  has 
been  converted  into  this  sound  by  the  corrupting  influence  of 
the  r.  Indeed,  this  vowel  is  heard  in  almost  every  degree  of 
length  or  quantity,  from  its  long  sound,  in  this  position  before 
r,  to  the  shortest  possible  quantity  which  a  vowel  can  have, 
as  when  it  is  heard  in  the  words  partic-le,  fah-le,  schis-m,  «&c. 
The  existence  of  a  vowel  sound,  in  these  latter  cases,  may  be 
questioned  by  some,  but  it  is  believed  that  a  comparison  with 
the  French  pronunciation  of  similar  words,  in  which  the  vowel  is 
actually  excluded,  or  else  pronounced  slightly  at  the  end  of  the 
words,  will  convince  the  reader  that  we  always  insert  a  vowel- 
sound,  however  slight,  before  the  final  consonants  in  this  class 
of  words.  As  phonography,  however,  does  not  pretend  to 
dictate  in  matters  of  pronunciation,  questions  of  this  sort  will 
be  finally  settled  by  the  authority  of  the  best  writers. 


OF    THE    BREATHING. 

52.  The  tliird  or  last  of  the  three  sounds 
called  ambigues,  in  the  alphabetical  table,  and 
represented  in  the  old  alphabet  by  the  letter  k^ 
is  distinguished  as  the  breathing  or  the  aspirate. 
It  never  occurs  except  immediately  before  a 
vowel,  and  it  is  written  in  phonography  by  a 
small  dot  placed  before  the  vowel-sign;  thus, 
1  heat,  V  hope,    |  hat  (9.) 

The  dot  should  be  made  hght,  because,  if 
heavy,  it  might  be  mistaken  for  a  full  vowel- 
sign,  and  create  some  confusion  in  words  with 
wliich  the    reader    is  not    famihar;    thus,  "| 


PHONOGRAPHY.  45 

might  be  read  ee-eat ;  but  a  stopped-vowel  never 
occurs  before  another  vowel,  so  that  the  small 
dot,  although  the  sign  used  for  a  stopped-vowel, 
can  only  be  read  for  the  breathing,  when  in  this 
situation. 

There  is,  however,  another  sign  for  the 
breathing,  the  form  and  use  of  which  will  be 
explained  hereafter.  (87.) 


4^  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  m. 

OF  THE  PROPER  DIPHTHONGS. 

TABLE. 
First  place,  v         a 

Second  place, 
Third  place,  a 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PROPER  DIPHTHONGS,  OR  COM- 
POUND VOWEL-SIGNS,  AND  THE  MODE  OF  PLACING 
THEM    TO    THE    CONSONANT-SIGNS. 

53.  The  small  angular  figure  in  the  table, 
with  the  point  downwards,  represents  the  sound 
of  i  in  high.  It  is  a  first-place  sign,  and  is 
written  thus,  \  buy  ;  ^->  my  ;  ^  ire. 

54.  The  same  shaped  figure,  with  the  point 
upwards,  represents  the  two  proper  diphthongs 
oi,  in  boi/,  and  ow,  in  how.  When  it  occupies 
\he  first  position,  this  sign  represents  the  sound 
oi ;  tlius,  S^  boy  ;  p  toy  ;  and  w^hen  it  is  in  the 
third  place,  it  represents  the  sound  ow ;  thus, 
Vy^  hough ;  — 7j  cow ;  ">,  hour. 

55.  In  placing  these  signs  to  the  consonant- 
signs,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  inchne  them 
according  to  the  position  of  the  consonant-signs ; 
they  must  always  retain  the  positions  which 
thev  K  wfi  '^  +T^<»  table,  pointing  upw^ards  or 


PHONOGRAPHY.  47 

downwards,  in  whatever  position  the  consonant- 
sign  may  stand  or  Ue,  as  in  the  examples. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  second  and  third 
f^Jaces  in  the  table,  for  the  sign  opening  up- 
wards, are  vacant,  and  also  the  second  place, 
for  the  sign  pointing  downwards.  The  reason 
■of  this  is,  that  there  are  other  diphthong-sounds 
in  the  Alphabet  of  Nature,  not  used  in  the 
Enghsh  language,  the  signs  for  which  might 
occupy  those  places. 

OF   THE   NATUBE    OF   THE   DIPHTHONGS. 

56.  Dipljthongs  are  of  two  kinds — proper  and  improper. 
The  proper  diphthong  is  a  compound  or  transition  vowel-sound, 
the  organs  of  speech  being  in  the  position  to  utter  one  simple 
vowel-sound  at  the  beginning  of  it,  and  in  a  position  to  utter  a 
different  simple  vowel-sound  at  the  conclusion  of  it,  so  that  the 
two  simple  sounds  are  both  heard  in  full,  or  in  part,  but  often 
fio  blended  together  as  to  seem  to  the  ear  but  one  sound.  Thus, 
jn  uttering  i  in  high,  the  organs,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
spiind,  are  in  the  position  to  pronounce  the  third  or  the  fifth 
simple  vowel  ah  or  uh,  and,  at  the  end,  they  are  in  a  position 
to  produce  the  sound  of  the  first  vowel  e,  but  the  simple  sounds 
are  too  much  blended  to  be  distinctly  heard. 

The  second  proper  diphthong  {pi)  in  hoy  is  composed  of  the 
fourth  and  first  full  simple  vowel-sounds ;  thus,  au-e,  which 
are  distinctly  heard. 

The  third  proper  diphthong  {pw  in  hoio)  is  composed  of  the 
third  and  seventh  full  simple  vowel-sounds,  aJi-oo,  somewhat 
more  blended. 

The  improper  diphthongs  are  defined  and  explained  in  a 
subsequent  chapter.  (91.) 


48  PHONOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


OP  THE  COMBINATION  OF  THE  CONSONANT  ^ND 
VOWEL-SIGNS.  -u 


GENERAL    DIRECTIONS    FOR    WRITING    AND    READING 
CONSONANT  AND  VOWEL-SIGNS   IN  COMBINATION. 

57.  In  beginning  to  write,  the  first  thing  for 
the  learner  to  do,  is,  to  analyse  the  word  he 
wishes  to  write  into  its  elementary  sounds,  as 
directed  in  the  Introduction,  page  13.  Having 
done  this,  the  consonant-signs  are  then  to  be 
written  before  any  attention  is  paid  to  the 
vowels.  The  consonant-signs  for  a  word, 
must  all  be  laritten  witlioyt  taking  off  the  pen ; 
the  second  consonant-sign,  commencing  where 
the  first  one  ends,  and  the  third  at  the  end  of  the 
second,  and  so  on.  This  will  give  the  sheleton 
ox  frame  of  the  word,  to  which  the  vowel-signs 
sue  afterwards  to  be  affixed. 

For  example,  there  is  one  consonant  in  the 
word  eat,  |  t,  which  is  made  first  The  sign 
for  the  first-place  full  vowel,  of  the  first  group, 
which  is  the  vowel  in  the  word  eat,  is  then  put 
to  it,  thus,  ]  eat.  In  the  word  act,  there  are 
two  consonants,  which  are  first  written  toge- 
ther, thus,     \k-t,  and  the  skeleton,  thus  formed, 


PHONOGRAPHY.  49 

is  afterwards  vocalized,  as  adding  the  TOAvel-siijns 
to  the  consonant-signs  of  a  word  is  called ; 
thu§,  i  act.  In  the  word  family  there  are 
rtihree  consonants,  which  are  written  one  after 
the  otlier ;  thus,  V^^  f-  ^^^ "  ^j  ^^^  the  Avord  com- 
pleted, thus,  ^K,^;-^  family. 

The  learner  may  find  a  httle  dLfTiculty  in  the 
beginning,  in  analysing  words  in  this  manner, 
but  tliis  is  soon  overcome,  and  the  process  be- 
comes a  simultaneous  operation  with  the  move- 
ment of  the  pen,  so  that  the  writer  is  no  more 
conscious  of  effort  than  in  the  old  method  of 
writing.  He  would  do  w^ell  to  utter  aloud  the 
consonant-sounds  as  he  writes  their  signs.  (12.) 

58.  The  consonant-signs  must  be  made  as 
directed  in  the  first  chapter,  viz :  the  perpendi- 
cular and  inclined  signs  from  the  top,  down- 
"wards,  and  the  horizontals  from  left  to  right. 
(22,  23.)  They  must  be  joined  in  the  manner 
described  above,  without  lifting  the  pen  until 
llie  skeleton  is  finished. 

59.  In  reading,  precisely  the  same  order  must 
be  observed,  that  is,  they  must  be  taken  up 
or  uttered  in  the  order  in  which  they  are 
made  in  writing  them,  which  order  is  de- 
termined by  the  above  rules.  Thus,  for  ex- 
^a\ple,  in  reading     |  it  is  certain  that  the  — 

5 


60  PHONOGRAPHY. 

was  made  first,  because  the  writer  could  not 
have  begun  at  the  angle  without  violating  the 
rule  which  requires  that  the  frame  of  a  word 
shall  be  written  without  taking  off  the  pen,  and 
he  could  not  have  begun  at  the  bottom  of  the  | 
without  Adolating  the  rule,  that  perpendicular 
and  inclined  consonant-signs  must  be  made 
doiimwards  ;  the  —  must,  therefore,  be  read  be- 
fore tlie  I 

In  this  word,  however,  the  vowel-sign  being 
placed  above  the  first  consonant-sign,  which  is 
a  horizontal,  must  be  read  before  it,  according 
to  the  rule  in  that  case.  (36.) 

It  will  sometimes  happen  that  a  consonant-  • 
sign  which  seems  to  be  further  along  than  an- 
other, in  the  line  of  writing,  must  be  read  first ; 
thus,  /  is  read  cli  - 1,  and  wiU  make  the  words, 

/•  and  /  cheat  and  chat.      Here,    also,   since 

both  X  and  ]  must  be  made  downward,  and 
as,  by  the  other  rule,  the  signs  must  be  joined 
without  taking  ofi"  the  pen,  it  is  obvious  that  the 
/  was  made  first,  and  the  ]  afterwards. 

60.  Witli  reference  to  the  manner  of  reading 
vowel-signs,  placed  to  the  consonant-signs,  it 
must  be  strictly  observed  that  each  particular 
consonant-sign,  and  the  vowel-sign  or  signs 
placed  to  it,  must  be  read  precisely  as  they 


PHONOGRAPHY.  51 

would  be  read  if  they  stood  entirely  by  them- 
selves, unconnected  with  any  other  consonant- 
signs;    thus,     /   one  of  the   examples   given 

above,  is  read  chat ;  which  w^ill  be  clear  to  the 
apprehension  of  the  learner,  if  he  adheres 
strictly  to  this  rule,  reading  the  y  (ch.)  first,  and 
then  taking  up  J  (?,)  just  as  he  would  do  if  these 
last  tw^o  had  no  connection  with  anything  else ; 
he  will,  on  the  contrary,  be  liable  to  great  con- 
fusion if  he  looks  at  the  position  of  the  vowel- 
sign  relatively  to  the  whole  skeleton  of  the  word 
which  it  seems  to  precede,  instead  of  regarding 
it  with  sole  reference  to  the  particular  con- 
sonant-sign to  which  it  belongs.  By  then  re- 
taining in  mind  the  rules  in  chapter  IL,  direct- 
ing io  read  from  left  to  right,  as  respects  per- 
pendicular and  inclined  consonant  signs  (35), 
and  from  above  downwards  as  respects  the 
horizontals  (40),  the  difficult}'-  wiU  entirely 
disappear. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish  the  case 
of  an  inclined  consonant-sign  from  that  of  a 
horizontal;  thus,  ^  is  have,  the  vowel-sign 
being  read  first ;  and  .n^  is  gnaw,  the  vowel- 
sign  being  read  last,  though  the  learner  is  quite 
apt  to  regard  the  vowel-sign,  in  each  case,  as 
hehw  the  consonant-sign,  and,  therefore,  similar 
in  position ;  he  must,  however,  remember  that, 


52  PHONOGRAPHY. 

as  respects  inclined  characters,  like  the  V.  the 
position  of  the  vowel-signs  are  not  distinguished 
as  above  and  below,  but  according  as  they  stand, 
at  tlie  left  hand,  or  at  the  right  hand  of  the  con- 
sonant-sign, considered  as  a  whole. 


PARTICULAR    DIRECTIONS  FOR    PLACING   THE    VOWEL- 
SIGNS    TO    THE    SKELETONS    OF   WORDS. 

61.  The  rule  for  placing  the  vowel-signs 
to  single  consonant-signs  has  been  given  in 
the  second  chapter.  (35,  36.)  For  vocaUzing 
words,  which  contain  two  or  more  consonants, 
some  further  explanation  is  necessary. 

When  the  vowel  comes  between  two  con- 
sonants it  is  easily  seen  that  it  may  be  placed 
to  either  consonant-sign,  and  still  be  read  in  the 
same  manner ;  thus,  the  word  pat  may  be  writ- 
ten \  or  N-  both  which  forms  would  be  read 
alike.'  It  is  desirable  to  keep  the  vowel-signs 
away  from  the  angles  or  places  where  the 
consonant-signs  join,  especially  if  they  would 
come  inside  of  the  angle,  because  otherwise  it 
is  difficult  to  tell  to  wliich  consonant-sign  they 
belong;  thus,  it  cannot  be  told  whether  Nf-> 
is  the  word  balm  or  bea7n.  The  first  and 
third-place  vowel-signs  only  are  hable  to  this 
ambiguity.     To  avoid  errors,  on  this  account, 


PHONOGRAPHY.  53 

and  to  secure  some  other  advantages,  the  fol- 
lowing rule  and  exceptions  are  established. 

62.  Rule.  —  When  a  vowel,  or  diphthong, 
conies  between  two  consonants,  the  sign  for 
it  should  be  written  against  the  first  consonant- 
sign  ;  thus,  \._^  beam ;   \.^_^  bane  ;  j^  time. 

1st  Exception.  —  The  tliird-place  vowel-signs 
must  all  be  written  against  the  second  conson- 
ant-sign ;    thus,  \.-^  balm  ;   [ ^  tack  ;   [_a  town. 

2nd.  Exception.  —  The  second-place  stopped 
vowel-signs  are  also  generally  written  against 
the  second  consonant-sign,  merely  because  we 
have  an  opportunity,  in  this  case,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  full-place  sign,  by  position,  as  well  as 
by  the  size  of  the  dot  or  dash ;  thus,  ^  is  7nate  ; 
and  '^  is  met. 

3rd.  Exception.  —  The  parallel  vowel-sign  for 
o  may  be  w^ritten  to  either,  as  is  most  con- 
venient ;  tlius,  "~\_^  or  "V^v  roam. 

Some  deviations  from  these  rules  occur  in 
the  use  of  contracted  forms  of  writing,  which 
win  be  explained  hereafter.  (76.)  So,  in  words 
of  more  tlian  one  syllable,  it  is  better  to  write 
the  vowel-sign  to  the  sign  for  the  consonant  to 
which  it  seems  to  belong,  in  dividing  the  word 
into  syllables.  The  fuU  vowel  is  generally 
uttered  v^dtli  the  first,  and  the  stopped  with  tht 
second  consonant  Thus,  Vs.^  is  preferable  to 
5*  i 


54  PHONOGRAPHY. 

\.  booty.  This  mode  of  writing  must  not  be 
employed,  however,  if  it  would  bring  the  vowel- 
sign  into  an  acute  angle,  and  tlius  charm  must 
be  written  /  and  not  ^ 

63.  If  two  vowels  come  between  two  con- 
sonants, give  one  vowel-sign  to  each  consonant- 
sign;  thus,  X-^  poem. 

64.  When  two  vowels  begin  a  word,  the 
first,  and  when  they  end  a  word,  the  last,  is 
written  a  Uttle  off  from  the  consonant-sign ; 
thus,  ^\-iota;  ^\-idea. 

OF   THE    PREFIXES  COM,  CON,  AND   THE   AFFIXES  ING, 
AND    INGS. 

65.  The  prefix  com  or  con,  the  most  fre- 
quent in  the  language,  is  written  by  a  Hght  dot 
at  the  commencement  of  a  word ;  thus,  |  com- 
mit ;  \_^  contain. 

66.  The  participial  termination,  or  affix, 
ING  (the  most  frequent  in  the  language  except 
tion),  is  expressed  by  a  final  hght  dot;  thus, 
\  payirtg. 

The  plural,  ixgs,  may  be  ^\Titten  by  two 
small  dots ;  thus,  \  beings,  or  it  may  be  -written 
out  in  full. 

The  method  of  writing  other  prefixes  and 
affixes,  will  be  explained  hereafter.  (152.) 


PHONOGRAPHY.  55 

CHAPTEIl  Y. 

OF  THE  ALPHABETICAL  AND  YOAVEL  WORD-SIGNS. 
CONSONANT    WORD-SIGNS. 

\  up  I  it  /   which        . —      come 

\  be  I  do  /  advantage  IT  | ,  ^'""'T 

'  "  ( together 

V.  for  (  think    )    so        ^  shall 

v..  have  (  them    }   was     ->  usual 

C  will                   \  are 

^_^  (  me  ^^  ( in                                   -^.^  J     thing 

^— ^  ( may  ^~^  ( no                                   ^""^  ( language 

explanation    of    the    consonant   word-signs 
(or  logograms). 

6  6.  By  a  word-sign  is  meant  a  single  sign,  used 
to  represent  an  entire  word.  Each  of  the  con- 
sonant-signs of  the  alphabet  ( see  table ),  beside 
its  use  in  spelling  words,  represents,  hkewise, 
tlie  whole  of  the  word  which  is  placed  opposite 
to  it  in  the  above  table,  whenever  the  sign  is 
written  by  itself;  that  is,  when  it  stands  uncon- 
nected with  any  other  sign.  For  example,  V^ 
is  used,  along  with  other  signs,  in  writing  vail^ 
vine,  value,  evil,  and  every  other  word  in  which 
the  sound  of  v  occurs,  but,  standing  alone,  it  is 


56  PHONOGRAPHY. 

read  have,  and  is  then  called  a  word-sign.  The 
■words  wliich  are  thus  represented  may  at  all 
times  be  written  in  f'uU,  when  it  is  desirable 
to  exhibit  their  precise  pronunciation,  and  in 
that  case  only  is  the  writing  strictly  phonetic. 
The  use  of  word-signs  is  the  first  step  towards 
contracted  phonetic  short  hand;  which,  though  it 
is  not  strict  phonography,  is  still  equally  legible, 
since  the  word-signs  are  so  arranged  that  they 
can  never  be  mistaken  for  anything  else,  or  for 
each  other. 

67.  A  word-sign  is  used  for  some  word 
of  very  frequent  occurrence,  or  one  which,  from 
its  length,  is  an  inconvenient  word  to  write  in 
faU,  and  in  which  the  most  prominent  sound 
is  that  represented  by  the  sign. 

Note.  —  When  in  any  list  of  word-signs  a  word  is  printed  with  a 
hyphen,  as  give-n,  the  sign  will  represent  either  the  whole  word,  or 
only  so  much  as  precedes  the  hyphen,  which  is,  by  itself,  another 
word  ;  thus,  "~  is  either  given  or  give.  Such  words  being  nearly  alike 
in  sound,  and  yet  different  parts  of  speech,  or  otherwise  incapable 
of  being  taken  one  for  the  other,  cause  no  difficulty  to  the  reader. 

68.  The  horizontals  (except  — ),  inasmuch 
as  tliey  do  not  fill  the  space  which  a  line  of 
writing  occupies,  are  made  to  represent  two 
words,  one  Avhen  placed  at  the  top  of  the  line, 
thus,  ~~'  give,  "^  me,  "^  in,  "^^  thing ;  and  an- 
other at  the  bottom  of  the  line,  thus,  —  together, 
^—  may,  ^-^  no,  -^^  language.     The  word-signs. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  57 

for  the  words  printed  in  italics  in  the  last 
table,  are,  therefore,  to  be  placed  at  the  top  ot 
the  line,  or  space  occupied  by  the  ^vriting.  (88). 
69.  The  vowels  and  compound-signs  are 
also  used  to  some  extent  as  word-signs.  The 
simple  vowel  and  proper  diphthong-signs  used  as 
such,  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table  in  this 
cliapter.  The  use  of  the  compound  consonant 
and  vowel-signs,  as  word-signs,  will  be  ex- 
plained in  the  respective  chapters  in  wliich  they 
are  treated  of 

Note.  — Whenever  a  word-sign  is  written  above  the  line,  (as  in 
the  case  of  the  horizontals  just  explained)  the  voicel  contained  in  the 
word  so  represented,  or  if  the  word  has  more  than  one  syllable,  then 
the  vowel  in  the  accented  syllable  is  a.  Jirst-place  voicel ;  thus,  in  ffive, 
me,  in,  and  thing,  the  vowel  is  the  first-place  vowel,  and  in  given, 
the  vowel  of  the  first  syllable  which  is  accented,  is  so.  The  same 
word-sign,  if  written  on  the  line,  stands  for  a  word  which  has  either 
a  second  or  third-place  vowel  in  the  same  situation  ;  thus,  may,  no, 
and  come,  have  second-place  vowels,  and  together  has  a  second, 
and  language  a  third-place  vowel  in  the  accented  syllable. 

If  any  other  word  has  the  same  pronunciation  as  that  for  which 
the  word-sign  is  used,  the  word-sign  wiU  represent  both,  thus,  ^^ 
signifying  no  wiU  also  represent  knoto.  (71.) 


68  PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE, 
SIMPLE-VOWEL    WORD-SIGNS. 

FuU. 

1st  place,  *  the  ^  all    'or 

2nd  place, 

2rd  place,         .a  %  to    ^  who 

Stopped. 

1st  place,  '  him  "^  of    ''on 

2nd  place, 

Srdphce,         .  and,  an  s,  but  /  should 

Proper  Diphthong   Word- Signs. 

1st  place,  "  I 

2nd  place, 

2rd  place,  a  how 

EXPLANATION    OF    THE    SIMPLE-VOWEL    AND    PROPER 
DIPHTHONG   WORD-SIGNS. 

70.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  vowel- 
signs  ordinarily  have  three  places  ;  but  when 
used  as  word-signs,  they  have  but  two,  as  it  is 
difficult  to  distinguish  three  positions  when  they 
stand   alone.     Hence,  when  the  second-place 


PHONOGRAPHY.  59 

vowel-sign  is  used  for  a  word-sign,  it  is  brought 
down  to  the  hne,  and  takes  the  tliird-place,  as 
^  hvt,  in  the  table  above. 

When  the  second-place  vowel-sign  is  thus 
employed,  the  third-place  vowel-sign  is  not 
used  as  a  word-sign,  and  when  the  third  is  used, 
the  second  is  not 

When  a  second-place  vowel-sign  is  written 
on  the  line,  and  it  is  necessary  to  write  a  word 
consisting  of  a  third-place  vowel,  the  vowel-sign 
for  it  is  placed  below  the  Une.  The  only  in- 
stance of  this  kind,  in  the  EngUsh  language,  is 
the  interjection,  ah  !  which  must  be  v^itten  as 
a  lai^e  dot  below  the  line ;  thus,  ^  The  inter- 
jection, eh  !  which  is  now  sometimes  met  with 
in  hght  Uterature,  requires  some  mode  of  repre- 
sentation, and  may  be  written  in  the  same 
manner,  by  a  light  dot  below  the  line,  though 
it  is  only  a  second-place  vowel. 

71.  When,  also,  as  sometimes  happens,  the 
whole  word  has  the  same  sound  as  a  vowel  or 
diphthong,  it  is  Avritten  by  the  corresponding 
vowel  or  diphthong-sign,  whether  that  sign  is 
used  as  a  word-sign  for  some  other  word  or  not ; 
thus,  •  (brought  down  to  the  hne  in  the  table 
above,  accordmg  to  the  preceding  rule,)  is  WTit- 
ten  for  tlie  article  o,  and  the  word  aye,  and  ^ 
for  the  words  /  and  eye  only,  while  '^  is  wTitten 


6^  PHONOGRAPHY. 

for  awe,  though  it  is  at  the  same  time  a  word- 
sign  for  all  So,  when  a  vowel  or  diphthong- 
sign  is  a  word-sign  for  a  word  sounded  differ- 
ently from  itself,  it  will  be  written  for  aU  the 
words  having  the  same  sound.  In  this  manner 
\  is  written  for  to,  too,  and  two. 

The  vowel-signs  for  the  vowels,  au,  uh,  and 
00,  it  will  be  seen,  lean  to  the  left,  as  word- 
signs  for  one  word,  and  to  the  right  as  word- 
signs  for  another  word. 

Several  other  word-signs  are  made  by  simply 
placing  the  breathiug  to  the  vowel  and  diph- 
thong word-signs;  these  are  ••  he;  ,,  hai/; 
^  haw;   -I  ho!  hoe;  ..  hand;  "^  high;  '^  hoy. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  61 

CHAPTER  VI 

OF  THE  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  THE  COXSOXAXT- 
SIGNS  FOR  S  AND  Z,  AND  OF  THE  MODE  OF  WRITING 
THEM. 

TABLE. 

O  *  O  ^ 

O  sis,  or  ses.  Q  I 


SIX  or  2(5 

stz  or  zez 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  FORMS  FOR  S   AND  Z. 

73.  The  s  and  z  are  consonant  elements  of 
very  frequent  recurrence,  and  it  has  been  found 
convenient  to  adopt  different  methods  of  repre- 
senting them  under  different  circumstances. 

The  first  or  full  forms  are  given  in  the  alpha- 
bet, and  the  duplicates  in  the  table  above  ;  the 
second  forms  are  made  by  a  small  circle  o 
one  side  of  which  is  thickened  a  little  for  z  ^ 
o  as  shown  in  the  table  above. 

The   circle   is   extremely  useful  because  it 
helps  very  much  to  compress  the  writing  into  a 
small  space,  and  because  it  offers  the  greatest 
facihty  for  joining  the  other  consonant-signs. 
6 


62  PHONOGRAPHY. 


ON    THE    MODE     OF     JOINING     THE    CIRCLE    TO    THE 
CONSONANT-SIGNS    OF    THE   ALPHABET. 

73.  The  sound  s  or  z,  for  which  the  cmjle 
is  used,  may  come,  of  course,  either  before  or 
after  that  of  the  alphabetical-sign  to  which  the 
circle  is  joined,  as  sp  or  ps,  sm  or  ms,  &c.  In  the 
first  case  the  circle  is  made  first  and  joined  at 
the  beginning,  the  hand  turning  the  circle  and 
then  tracing  the  straight  line  or  the  curved  alpha- 
betical-sign, without  any  break  or  interruption 
between  them ;  thus,  \  s-p ;  ^  s-f ;  /°  s-ch ; 
Q_  s-lx, ;  in  the  second  case,  the  circle  is  made 
last  and  joined  at  the  end,  by  continuing  the 
movement  of  the  pen,  after  the  alphabetical  sign 
is  completed;  thus,  \op-s;  —o  k-s. 

74.  With  respect  to  tlie  side  of  the  sign 
upon  which  the  circle  is  made,  three  difibrent 
cases  must  be  distinguished. 

I.  That  of  the  perpendicular  and  inclined 
straight-hne-signs,  when  the  circle  is  placed  on 
tlie  right  hand  side;  they  are  the  following; 
\  s-p;  \  s-h ;  \  s-t ;  f  s-d;  /'  s-ch;  /" s-j ;  and 
so  with  the  s  ox  z  following ;  thus,  \,  p-s ;  (or 
p-z);  \>b-s;   (,  t-s ;  ^d-s ;   /  ch-s ;  and  /  j'-s. 

II.  That  of  the  horizontal  straight-hne-signs : 
here  the  circle  is  placed  upon  the  upper  side ; 


PHONOGRAPHY.  G3 

thus,  Q_  s-k  ;  Q—  s-g ;  and  with  the  s  or  ::  follow- 
ing, —a  h-s ;   and  _i>  g-s^  (or  z.) 

in.  That  of  the  curved-signs:  with  these 
the  circle  is  always  placed  on  the  inner  or  con- 
cave side  of  the  sign;  thus,  ^  s-f ;  ^  s-v ; 
c^  s-m ;  f  s-th ;  f  s-th  ;  )  or  J  s-s ;  °)  s-z  ;  C  ^-l,' 
^  s-r ;  <!_>-  s-n ;  _^  s-sh  ;  ^  s-zh  ;  o,^  s-ng ;  and 
with  the  5  or  2;  following ;  thus,  Vo  f-s ;  V^  v-s, 

&C. 

75.  When  the  circle  comes  between  two 
consonant-signs  it  should  be  tui'ned  in  the  short- 
est way  ;  thus,  \>  b-st ;  ^  ^^^"^^  /  ~T  ^'^^  >'  ^^^  \ 
/^~^  which  require  the  hand  to  move  round  a 
considerably  greater  distance ;  but  if  one  of  the 
other  consonant  characters  is  a  curve,  the  circle 
must  always  be  carried  round  upon  the  inner 
side  of  it ;  thus,  ^  m-st ;  ~^  r-st ;  and  (^  l-st  ; 
not  'Hf  ~~\>/^  which  would  be  awkw^ard  and 
difficult  figures  to  make.  Coming  bet^veen 
other  signs,  the  circle  need  not  be  formed  with 
great  accuracy. 


METHODS    OF    WHITING    THE   VOWEL-SIGNS  WITH  THE 
DIFFERENT    CONSONANT-SIGNS    FOR   S  AND    Z. 

76.  Six  cases  may  be  distinguished  in  w^hich 
the  two  different  methods  of  wiiting  s  and  z, 
make  it  necessary  to  give  particular  directions 


64  PHONOGRAPHY. 

for  placing  the  vowel-signs ;  three  of  them,  in 
wliich  the  s  or  z  is  heard  before  the  otlier  con- 
£ona,  it,  and  three  in  which  the  other  consonant 
is  heard  first,  as  follows :  — 

I.  The  first  case  is  when  a  vowel  comes 
before  an  s  or  z,  which  is  ilnejirst  consonant  in 
the  word ;  thus,  *)  ease ;  ')  east ;  ■)  haste.  Here 
the  long  sign  must  be  written  for  the  s  or  z^ 
because  we  are  compelled  to  place  the  vow^el- 
sign  to  it,  and  the  circle  w^ould  not  furnish  the 
three  positions  necessary  for  distinguishing  the 
local  value  of  the  dot  and  dash. 

n.  The  second  case  is,  when  the  vowel 
precedes  two  consonants,  as  before,  the  last  of 
which  is  s  OT  z;  thus,  'Nj  heaps;  ~\^  odds; 
^  aims  ;  here  the  circle  is  used,  the  vowel-sign 
being  placed  before  the  other  sign. 

m  The  third  case  is  that  of  a  vowel  com- 
ing between  two  consonants,  the  Jirst  of  which 
is  5  or  £;;  thus,  *f  seat;  L—  seek;  <r-^  seem; 
Q_^  seen;  q_^  sag;  ?\  sere  ;  c-<  psalm,.  In  this 
case  the  circle  is  used,  and  the  vowel-sign  is 
placed  to  the  other  consonant-sign,  just  as  it 
would  be  if  that  sign  stood  without  the  circle. 
The  circle  is  then  read  first,  though  it  seems 
to  come  after  the  voAvel-sign;  thus,  *|  is  read 
eat^  but  if  the  circle  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
long  consonant,  thus,  '\  the  circle  reads  first, 


PHONOGRAPHY.  65 

and  the  word  becomes  seat.     The  attention  of 
the  student  is  specially  directed  to  this  case. 

IV.  The  fourth  case  is,  when  a  vowel  conies 
between  two  consonants,  as  in  the  preceding 
case,  the  last  of  the  two  consonants  being  5  or  z  ; 
thus,  \^  pass;  "^  hoast ;  ^  moose ;  ^  roast ; 
^  fa^e. 

Here  the  circle  is  used,  and  the  vowel-sign  is 
placed  after  the  consonant-sign ;  the  circle  then 
seems  to  come  before  it,  but  must  be  read  last. 
In  this,  and  the  preceding  case,  the  general  rule 
for  placing  the  vowel-signs  is  sacrificed  to  the 
great  convenience  of  the  circle.  (62). 

V.  The  fifth  case  is  that  of  the  vowel  com- 
ing after  two  consonants,  of  which  5  or  2:  is  the 
first;  thus,  p  stay ;  ^  sm)w.  Here  the  circle 
is  used,  the  vowel-sign  coming  after  the  long 
consonant-sign. 

VI.  The  sixth  case  is  that  of  a  vowel  follow- 
ing an  s  or  z,  which  is  the  last  or  only  consonant 
in  a  word;  thus,  V.  busy;  /j  rosy;  )  sea. 
Here  the  long  sign  must  be  used,  for  the 
same  reason  as  in  the  first  case,  that  is,  because 
the  vowel-sign  must  be  placed  to  it,  which  can- 
not be  done  to  the  circle. 

Words  with  no  other  consonant  in  them,  but 

s  or  z,  and  a  vowel  both  before  and  after  it, 

come  under  both  the  first  and  sixth  rules,  that 
6* 


66  PHONOGRAPHY. 

is,  tlie  long  sign    )     is  used;  thus   *)*   ea^ ; 
)•  essay. 

77.  There  is  one  other  case  of  rare  occur- 
rence, which  needs,  however,  to  be  explained, 
viz. :  —  when  two  distinct  vowel-sounds  come 
between  two  consonants,  one  of  which  is  5  or  z, 
as  in  the  words  Zoologi/,  Zoar,  Boas,  Saying, 
&c.  Here  either  tlie  long  sign  or  the  circle 
may  be  used ;  if  the  long  sign  is  chosen, 
the  vowels  are  written  as  m.  other  cases,  one  to 
each  consonant-sign ;  tlius,  X  Zoai' ;  X  Boas ; 
\^  Saying.  (63.)  If  the  circle  is  preferred,  both 
vowels  must  be  placed  to  tlie  other  sign,  and, 
in  that  case,  if  the  circle  is  at  the  beginning,  the 
Jirst  vowel,  and,  if  at  the  end,  the  second  vowel- 
sign  must  be  placed  a  Uttle  further  off  than 
usual,  while  the  other  vowel  undergoes  no 
<jhange  of  position ;  thus,  ^  Zoar ;  %  Boas. 

Note.  —  The  sounds  represented  in  heterography,  hj  the  letter 
r,  are  written,  in  Phonography,  as  ks  or  gz;  thus,  the  word  exercise 
is  .1^*  and  exa£t  is 


OF    THE    CIRCLE    AS    A    WORD-SIGN. 

78.  The  z  circle  is  used  as  a  word-sign  for  is, 
placed  above  the  Hue ;  thus,  ®  ;  and  for  as, 
placed  on  the  hue ;  thus,  o ;  with  the  aspirate 
before  it,  it  reads  his,  above ;  thus,  *  ^  ;  and  has, 


PHONOGRAPHY.  67 

on  the  line ;  thus,    .o      The  aspirate  may  be 
omitted  without  any  danger  of  ambiguity. 

The  circle,  when  it  is  not  joined  to  another 
consonant-sign,  is  made  by  cariying  the  pen 
around  in  the  direction  in  which  the  hands  of  a 
clock  move ;  this  brings  the  heavy  part  of  the 
z  circle  on  the  right  hand  side. 

-   OF  THE  S  AND  Z  SOUNDS  REPEATED. 

79.  When  the  sound  of  5  or  2;  is  repeated  in 
a  word,  with  a  vowel  sound  coming  between 
them,  as  in  sauce,  [the  c  here  sounds  like  5,) 
cease,  necessary,  Moses,  pieces,  &c.,  there  are,  of 
course,  two  modes  of  joining  the  chcle  to  the 
regular  form  of  the  s  or  z,  which  are  equivalent 
to  each  other ;  thus,  for  example,  ^  and  J  will 
both  read  s-s.  The  writer,  therefore,  has  a 
choice,  according  as  one  or  the  other  mode  is 
most  convenient,  but  it  will  be  well  to  keep  the 
form  ^  for  s-s,  and  °)  for  s-z.  The  former  may 
then  be  vocahzed  into  sauce,  cease,  Swiss,  &c.,  and 
the  latter  into  says,  size,  sues,  &c. 

The  regular  mode  of  writing  the  vowel-sign, 
to  read  between  these  two  consonants,  is  the 
same  as  it  is  when  the  circle  is  joined  to  any 
other  sign  of  the  alphabet,  as  has  been  ex- 
plained in  the  former  part  of  this  chapter.  (76.) 


68  PHONOGRAPHY. 

But,  besides  this,  it  is  often  found  very  con- 
venient, in  rapid  writing,  when  the  vowel  com- 
ing between  tliese  two  consonant-sounds  is 
merely  the  first  or  second  stopped  vowel  (i  oie) 
to  represent  the  entire  syllable,  sis,  ses,  cis  or  ces^ 
by  the  circle  alone,  made  twice  the  usual  size ; 
thus,  (^  thesis ;  \i  pieces ;  '^=0  Moses. 

These  syllables  have  a  great  variety  of  pro- 
nunciation in  different  words,  as  sis,  siz,  zisy 
ziz,  ses,  sez,  zes,  zez,  but  the  difference  in  their 
sound  is  so  slight  that  no  difficulty,  in  reading, 
results  from  representing  them  all  by  one  sign. 

If  one  of  the  sounds  in  the  combination  is 
that  of  z,  one  side  of  the  circle,  as  is  most  con- 
venient in  writing,  may  be  made  heavy,  to 
indicate  it. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  69 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

PECULIAR  FORMS  AND  METHODS  OF  WRITING 
SOME  OF  THE  CONSONANT  .AND  VOWEL-SIGNS, 
WITH  GENERAL  DIRECTIONS  FOR  PROMOTING 
THE  ELEGANCE  OF  THE  HAND-WRITING. 


OF    CONSONANT-SIGNS   WHICH   ARE    MADE     UPWARDS. 

81.  To  prevent  words  from  running  too  far  be- 
low the  line,  as  well  as  to  give  some  variety  of 
forms,  it  is  provided  that  several  signs,  inchned 
to  the  left,  (the  direction  in  which  the  line  of 
writing  proceeds)  may,  when  convenience  re- 
quires it,  be  made  by  striking  them  upwards, 
instead  of  downwards,  as  follows : 

81.  There  is  a  second  form  for  the  sign  of 
the  very  common  sound  r,  which  is  a  straight 
line  leaning  to  the  right,  thus  /.  This  sign  is 
the  same  as  that  which  occurs  in  the  alphabet 
for  ch ;  but  this  form  of  the  r  is  always  made 
upwards,  and  the  ch  always  downwards,  and  the 
direction  in  which  the  sign  is  made  is  shown 
by  its  connection  with  other  consonant-signs ; 
thus,  /  is  ch-t,  and  /]  is  r-t,  and  \,  is  p-ch,  and 
\/  is  p-r,  &c. ;  the  point  of  beginning,  in 
one  case,  being  at  the  top,  and,  in  the  other,  at 
the  bottom.      The  joining  takes  place  as  usual 


70  PHONOGRAPHY. 

at  the  end  of  the  first  sign,  thus  producing  a 
marked  difference  in  the  skeletons  of  the  words, 
by  which  means  the  sign  for  ch  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  that  for  r.  When  the  sign  / 
stands  alone,  or  witli  the  circle  only  joined  to  it, 
it  will  always  be  read  as  ch ;  thus,  /  each ;  ^ 
chew  ;  /'  cheese  ;  /^  such,  &c. 

82.  These  considerations  as  to  the  manner 
of  reading  this  sign,  will  direct  the  learner  as  to 
the  form  which  it  is  proper  to  use  for  the  r,  in 
writing.  In  most  instances  there  may  be  a 
choice  of  signs,  but  if  there  is  no  other  alpha- 
betic or  long  consonant-sign  to  be  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  sign  for  r,  the  up-stroke  cannot 
of  course  be  used. 

83.  The  r  ^'>  J  5^*  /  and  _J  zh,  are  made 
vpwards  or  downwards  at  convenience,  without 
any  change  of  form,  and  the  direction  in  which 
they  were  made  will  be  known,  in  reading,  as  in 
the  other  case,  by  the  connection  with  other 
consonant-signs ;  thus,  (^  is  l-ng,  the  (^  being 
made  downwards ;  and  /"^^  is  l-ng,  the  /^  being 
made  upwards.  So  ^  and  y\  sh-p ;  ~\  and 
"\^  r-zh  (in  the  word  rouge).  It  is  never 
necessary  to  make  the  heavy  stroke  upwards, 
and  it  will  be  found  inconvenient,  except  when 
writing  with  a  pencil. 

84.  When  standing  alone,  or  with  the  circle 


PHONOGRAPHY.  71 

s  only,  the  /^  /  must  always  be  struck  upwards, 
and  the  y  sh,  and  ^  zh,  always  downwards. 
The  necessity  of  establishing  a  rule  in  these 
cases,  will  be  shown  by  the  followmg  obser- 
vations on  placing  the  vowel-signs. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR    PLACING    THE  VOWEL-SIGNS  TO  THE 
CONSONANT-SIGNS    DESCRIBED    ABOVE. 

85.  The  places  of  the  vowel-signs  are  rec- 
koned from  the  point  at  which  we  commence 
to  write  the  consonant-sign.  Tliis  is  the  gene- 
ral rule  applicable  to  aU  the  signs.  It  follows, 
therefore,  as  respects  those  consonant-signs 
which  are  struck  upwards,  that  the  first-place 
vowel-signs  are  WTitten  at  the  bottom  (which  is 
tlie  beguming)  of  the  sign,  the  second-place  at 
the  middle,  and  the  third-place  at  the  top  of  the 
consonant-sign.  Li  other  words,  the  vowel- 
points  proceed  in  the  dii'ection  in  which  the 
hand  moves  in  making  the  consonant-signs ; 
thus /\  is  right ;  \/  is  poor ;  Vy'  is/«r,  &c. 
,  This  method  of  placing  the  vowel-sign  requires 
particular  attention,  as  the  same  vowel-sign  may 
appear  at  the  opposite  extremities  of  the  con- 
sonant-sign, according  as  it  is  struck  upwards  or 
downwards,  thus,  C""^  and  (^  are  two  diffe- 
rent methods  of  writing  the  word,  long. 


72  PHONOGRAPHY. 

86.  Wlien  the  /"  stands  alone,  or  with  the 
circle  only  joined  to  it,  as  it  is  understood  in  that 
case  to  be  made  upwards  (84),  the  vowel-signs 
are  numbered  from  the  bottom,  upwards; 
while  with  J  and  ^  under  the  same  circum- 
stances, they  are  numbered  downwards  (84) ; 
thus,  C  is  law ;  x^  is  Saul ;  /C^  is  loss;  and 
f^t  IS  loose;  while  J'  is  she;  -^^is  shj ;  ,J  is 
shoe^  &c.  With  the  alphabetic  form  of  the  r,  the 
vowels  are  of  course  numbered  downwards; 
thus,  "S^  is  raw  ;  ^  is  rise  ;  v°^  is  sire^  &c. 

OF     THE     SECOND     FORM     OF     THE     SIGN     FOR    THE 
BREATHING. 

87.  The  breathing,  /t,  is  represented,  as  be- 
fore explained,  by  a  small  dot  placed  before  a 
vowel  sign,  (52) ;  but,  when  more  conve- 
nient, which  is  the  case  especially  when  there 
is  no  other  consonant  in  the  word,  it  may  be 
written  by  the  sign  (  ;  thus,  f  hay ;  [^  Hugh ; 
£  aha ;  \[\  Ohio.  This  sign  for  the  breathing 
is  seldom  required.  It  is  made  according  to 
the  general  rule  for  perpendicular  signs,  from 
the  top  downwards,  and  the  vowel-signs  are 
numbered  accordingly. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  73 


RULES    FOR    ADJUSTING    THE    POSITION    OF    THE    CON- 
SONANT-SIGNS   TO    THE    LINE    OF  WRITING. 

88.  The  line  of  writing  is  supposed  to  oc- 
cupy, upon  the  paper,  a  space  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  signs ;  for  example, 


:sxzr:E 


but  by  joining  tlie  different  consonant-signs  toge- 
ther, some  of  them  will  run  below  or  above  the 
space  occupied  by  the  Ime  of  writing  to  some 
extent,  and  the  following  directions  should  be  ob- 
served to  keep  the  writing  in  its  proper  place 
and  contribute  to  the  elegance  of  its  appearance. 
The  first  perpendicular  or  inclined  conso- 
nant-sign, which  occurs  in  a  word,  should  have  its 
lower  end  upon  the  lower  hne  of  the  space, 
and  the  position  of  the  folloAving  signs  wiU  be 
determined  by  it.  The  rule  is  the  same  w^hether 
the  sign  is  struck  downwards  or  upwards ;  thus, 
r  top  ;  L_  deck  ;  "^  cut ;  "\  peach  ;  y^\  rope, 
&c.  The  perpendicular  signs  will  then  reach 
from  the  upper  to  the  lower  line  of  the  space, 
but  the  incUned  signs  being  of  the  same  length 
as  the  perpendicular  ones,  will,  of  course,  not 

reach  to  the  upper  line.     One  exception,  hoAV- 

7 


74  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ever,  must  be  made  to  this  last  rule.  A\Tien  one 
of  the  upstroke-signs  X  ^  or  ^  is  followed 
by  a  perpendicular  sign,  the  eye  is  better  pleased 
by  lengthening  the  up-stroke  so  as  to  strike  the 
upper  line  of  tlie  space,  preserving,  however, 
the  same  angle  or  curve ;  thus,  /\  ^  are  better 
than  /\  C\  for  the  words  right  and  light. 

89.  It  should  be  observed  that  when  the  up- 
stroke r  or  the  /  struck  upwards,  is  followed  by 
the  sign  for  c\  j,  sh,  or  zh,  the  signs  thus 
brought  together  would  properly  have  the  same 
inchnation.  To  avoid  an  interference  between 
the  signs  which  would  result  from  this  circum- 
stance, the  up-strokes  must  be  a  Uttle  more  than 
usually  inclined ;  thus,  ^^  reach  ;  y/  ridge  ; 
/^lash. 

90."  It  will  be  observed  that  the  horizontals 
do  not  at  all  fill  the  space  of  the  writing.  Ad- 
vantage may  be  taken  of  this  circumstance 
when  they  are  joined  to  no  other  consonant- 
sign,  or  merely  to  the  circle,  5  or  z,  or  to  another 
horizontal,  to  determine  by  their  position  the 
nature  of  the  vowel  which  belongs  to  the  word ; 
thus,  if  it  is  a  first-place  vow^el,  tlie  horizontal- 
sign  should  be  WTitten  at  the  top  of  the  space, 
and,  if  it  is  a  second  or  third-place  vowel,  at 
the  bottom ;  thus  *  hey ;  -^  ache  ;  r-^  mass  ; 
^~^    nine^  &c.  It  would  be  difficult  to  distinguish 


PHONOGRAPHY.  75 

three  positions  with  the  horizontals,  and,  there- 
fore, the  sign  with  a  second-place  vowel  is  also 
brought  down  to  the  hne.  By  this  means, 
if  at  any  time  the  writer  should  omit  the  vowel- 
sign,  the  reader  would  be  aided  by  the  position 
of  the  consonant-sign.  This  method  of  placing 
the  horizontals  is  regarded  as  pertaining  rather 
to  the  elegance  of  writing,  than  as  essential  to 
correctness,  but,  for  the  advantage  wliich  it 
offers,  as  well  as  to  preserve  uniformity,  it  is 
better  that  the  learner  should  at  once  form  the 
habit  of  observing  it 


76  PHONOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  VIIL 

OF  THE  FIRST  SERIES  OF  BiPROPER  DIPHTHONGS; 
AND  OF  THE  TRIPHTHONGS. 

TABLE. 

FIRST    GROUP.  SECOND    GROUP. 

Full.      Stopped.  Full.        Stopped. 

1st  place, 


1st  place, 
2nd  place, 
2rd  place, 


c  c 

c  c 

<  c 


3  -i 


2nd  place,      >  5  5 

2rd  place. 


3  3 


IMPROPER   TRIPHTHONGS. 

1st  place,  L 

2nd  place, 

Srd  place,  i 


EXPLANATION    OF    THE    IMPROPER    DIPHTHONGS    AND 
DIPHTHONG-SIGNS    OF    THE    FIRST    SERIES. 

91.  There  are  tAvo  series  of  improper 
diphthongs.  Those  of  the  first  series  are  pre- 
cisely those  combinations  of  sounds  which  are 
commonly  represented  by  prefixing  the  letter 
w  to  the  simple  vowels.  The  fall  diphthongs 
of  this  series  are,  therefore,  we,  wa,  wah,  wau, 
iDuk,  wo,  woo ;  as  in  the  words,  ivc,  wny,  waft. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  77 

waU,  iDorh,  wolce,  wooed;  and  the  stopped,  are 
we,  wa,  wah,  wait,  with,  woo;  as  in  the  words 
wit,  wet,  wag,  was,  one,  icood. 

92.  The  signs  by  which  the  improper  diph- 
thongs are  represented,  are  small  half  circles, 
occupying  the  first,  second,  and  tliird  places, 
opposite  the  consonant-signs,  like  the  simple 
vowel-signs. 

For  the  first  series,  tlie  half  circles  are  made 
by  dividing  the  circle  perpendicularly.  The 
first,  or  left-hand  half  of  the  circle,  (correspond- 
ing to  the  mark  made  at  the  beginning  of  a 
parenthesis)  is  then  used  in  the  three  positions, 
for  the  first  group  of  this  series  of  compound 
rowels,  heavy  for  the  fuU;  thus,  '\  weep; 
c|  wait ;  \,  waft ;  and  the  same  figure  made 
with  a  fighter  or  thinner  line  for  the  con*espond- 
ing  stopped  sounds;  thus,  ^^  *^«^/  'j  wed; 
^j.  wag. 

The  second  half  of  the  circle,  (corresponding 
to  the  fine  which  is  made  at  the  end  of  a  paren- 
thesis) is  used  for  the  second  group  of  the  same 
series  of  compound  vowels,  heavy  for  the  full; 
thus,  ,/^  wall ;  -^  work;  ^j  wooed;  and  fighter 
for  the  stopped  vowels  corresponding;  tlius, 
^)  was  ;  ^^  one  ;  \  wood.  This  sign  is  doubled 
and  written  at  the  second  place  for  wo ;  thus, 
-i-  woke  ;  3)  woes. 
1* 


78  PHONOGRAPHY. 

These  figures  should  always  be  made  as 
small  as  tliey  can  be  formed  conveniently  with 
a  pen  or  pencil,  and  so  much  curved  as  to  be 
half  circles,  instead  of  quarter  circles  like  the 
consonant-signs.  They,  as  well  as  the  proper 
diphthong-signs,  must  always  retain  their  own 
position,  without  regard  to  the  inclination  of  the 
consonant-signs ;  tlius,  we  write  ^  weep ; 
s_  week  ;  5/  wage  ;  and  not  ^  n—  ^ 

The  signs  for  the  second  series  will  be  de- 
scribed in  the  following  chapter. 

93.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  signs  placed 
in  tlie  alphabet,  for  these  ambiguous  consonants 
have  a  local  value,  and  are  not  merely  equivalent 
to  w  and  y,  but  represent  we,  wa,  wak,  ye,  ya, 
yah,  &c.,  according  to  the  position  which  they 
occupy. 

EXPLANATION    OF    THE    IMPROPER   TRIPHTHONGS  AND 
TRIPHTHONG-SIGNS. 

94.  There  are  two  triphthongs  in  our  lan- 
guage, both  of  which  are  improper  triphthongs. 
They  are  tlie  combinations  of  sounds  which 
may  be  represented  by  placing  the  w  before 
the  proper  diphthongs  i  and  ou.  (53.) 

95.  The  signs  employed  in  phonography  for 
these  compound  sounds,  are  formed  by  divid- 


PHONOGRAPHY.  79 

ing  a  small  square,  by  a  diagonal  line  inclined 
from  left  to  right ;  thus,  ^  The  first  half  of 
the  square  so  divided,  is  then  used  for  the  first 
of  the  compound  sounds,  and  placed  in  the 
first  position  opposite  the  consonant-sign ;  thus, 
^=-^wind;  and  the  second  half  is  used  for  the 
second  of  the  two  sounds,  and  placed  at  the 
third  position ;  thus,  -^  wound. 

OF   THE    BREATHING    BEFORE    THE    FIRST    SERIES    OF 
IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS    AND    THE    TRIPHTHONGS. 

96.  There  is  a  large  class  of  words  in  our 
language  which  commence  by  a  combination 
of  sounds,  represented  in  the  old  orthography 
by  wli^  as  when^  wliere,  which,  why,  while,  &c. 
This  mode  of  writing  is  a  complete  inversion 
of  the  order  in  which  the  sounds  iire  heard,  the 
breathing  (A)  being  first  uttered,  and  the  w 
aflerw^ards;  thus,  hoo-ere,  hoo-en,  hoo-ich,  hoo-i, 
hoo-ile.  These  sounds  are  therefore  represented 
in  phonography,  by  placing  the  small  dot  be- 
fore the  diphthong  or  triphthong-sign;  thus, 
k\  where  ;  <i^  when  ;  '/  which  ;    -l  why,  &c. 


80 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


IMPROPER    DIPHTHONG-SIGNS    OF    THE    FIRST    SERIES 
AND    THE    TRIPHTHONG-SIGNS    USED    AS    WORD-SIGNS, 

DIPHTHONG-SIGNS. 


FIRST    GROUP. 

1st  place,    <  we. 

2nd  place, 

3rd  place,  <  were ;  -e  where. 


Stopped. 

c  with. 


1st  place, 
2nd  place, 
3rd  place, 


SECOND    GROUP. 


5  what 
3  would. 


TRIPHTHONG-SIGNS. 


1st  place, 
2nd  place, 
3rd  place, 


*"-  why. 


The  second-place  diphthong-sigiis  are,  like 
the  simple  vowel-signs,  brought  down  to  the 
third-place,  when  used  as  word-signs.  The 
word-signs  formed  by  prefixing  the  breathing, 
are  inserted  in  the  tables. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  81 


CHAPTER  IX. 

OF    THE     SECOND     SERIES     OF    EVIPROPER    DIPH- 
THONGS AND  DIPHTHONG-SIGNS. 

TABLE. 

FIRST    GROUP.  SECOND    GROUP. 

Ftdl.  Stopped.  FuU.  Stopped. 


1st  place, 
2nd  place, 
Srd  place f 


1st  place, 
2nd  place, 
2rd  place, 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS,    AND 
DIPHTHONG-SIGNS    OF   THE    SECOND    SERIES. 

97.  Tlie  second  series  of  improper  diph- 
thongs, are  those  sounds  which  are  represented 
by  prefixing  the  letter  y  to  the  simple  vowels. 
The  full  diphthongs  of  this  series  are,  therefore, 
ye,  ya,  yah,  yau,  yuh,  yo,  yoo,^  as  in  the  words, 
ye,  yea,  yard,  yawn,  yearn,  yoke,  you ;  and  the 
stopped  are  ye,  yd,  yah,  ydu,  yich,  ybo,  as  in 
the  words  yis  (yes),  yet,  yam,  yon,  young.  The 
last  stopped  diphthong  of  tlie  series,  is  not  used 
in  the  English  language. 

*  The  last  full  diphthong  of  the  series,  is  the  compound-sound 
represented  by  u  in  universe,  and  is  likewise  the  vowel-sound  heard 
in  few,  communUij,  &c.,  in  which  words  the  weak  consonant-sound 
of  y  should  be  distinctly  uttered,  which  is  not  always  the  case  in 
America. 


i9  PHONOGRAPHY. 

To  furnish  signs  for  these  sounds  the  circle  is 
divided  horizontally ;  thus,  ^-  The  lower  half 
of  the  circle  is  then  used  for  the  first  group; 
thus,  full,  ^/^\  yield ;  7"  Yak  ;  /\  yard  ;  stopped, 

")  y**  (y^^)  j  "^1  y^^  >  -^^  yam. 

The  upper  half  of  the  circle  is  used  for  the 
second  gi'oup,  doubling  it  for  yo ;  thus,  fuU, 
fi^yawn;  '^\.^_^ yearn ;  j^yoke;  J^youth;  stopped, 
CL-'  yon;  si^  young.  The  stopped  sounds  cor- 
responding to  yo  and  yoo  do  not  occur  in  the 
Enghsh  language. 

The  last  of  the  full  series,  {yoo)  is  the  long 
sound  of  u  heard  in  youth,  your^  union,  and  also 
mfew,  tune,  community,  &c. 

The  sign  for  it  is  a  word-sign  for  the  word 
your,  and  is  the  only  word-sign  of  this  series. 

OF   THE   IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS    AND    TRIPHTHONGS. 

99.  Improper  diphthongs,  like  proper  diphthongs,  are  like- 
wise a  species  of  transition  sounds,  beginning  with  one  vowel  and 
ending  with  another ;  but  witli  this  peculiarity,  that,  while  the 
organs  are  passing  from  one  position  to  the  other,  they  come 
so  near  a  contact  as  to  give  rise  to  a  weak  consonant-sound 
which  differs  from  any  otlier  of  the  consonant  elements. 

In  this  manner  two  new  consonants  are  generated,  which 
are  represented  in  the  printing  alphabet  by  the  W  and  Y. 
They  are  the  weakest  of  the  consonant-sounds,  except  the 
breathing,  and  are  classed  along  with  it  under  the  name  of 
ambigues  (see  alphabet,  p.  18).  There  are  two  classes 
of  these  improper  diphthongs.     They  are  produced  by  pre- 


PHONOGRAPHY.  83 

fixing  the  seventh  simple  vowel  (po),  and  the  first  simple 
vowel  (e)  to  any  of  the  simple  vowels  ;  thus,  if  one  attempts 
to  say  oo-a,  oo-ah,  &c.,  and  pronounces  them  with  some  rapi- 
dity for  several  times  in  succession,  he  will  say  wa,  wah,  «fec. 
In  the  same  manner  e-a,  e-ah,  will  produce  ya,  yah.  There 
are  three  methods  by  which  we  might  represent  the  improper 
diphthongs ;  I.  By  writing  both  the  vowels  thus,  oo-a,  oo-ah, 
&c. ;  11.  By  representing  the  first  simple  vowel  by  the  sign  for 
the  consonant  (  JFor  JT),  into  which  it  is  partially  converted; 
this  we  do  in  printing ;  III.  By  employing  a  single  sign  for 
the  entire  diphthong.  This  last  method  is  adopted  in  Phono- 
graphy, on  account  of  its  conciseness. 

100.  The  learner  must  guard  against  supposing  that  there 
are  two  new  sets  of  vowels,  distinct  from  the  simple  vowels,  to 
be  learned.  By  merely  prefixing  the  seventh  vowel  oo  to  the 
whole  of  the  first  and  second  order  of  the  simple  vowels /zi/^ 
and  stopped,  he  will  have  the  first  series  of  improper  diph- 
thongs, full  and  stopped,  and  by  prefixing  the  first  vowel  e  in 
the  same  manner,  he  will  have  the  second  series.  The  first 
series  of  improper  diphthongs  may  be  analysed  as  follows : — 

First  Group. 

FvU.  Stopped, 

■oo-e  equivaJ^tit  to  we.  oo-e    equivalent  to  we.  (91.) 

oo-a             "            tea.  oo-d             "            ^cd. 

oo-ah           "           wah.  oo-ah           "            wdh. 

Second  Group. 

^uE.  Stopped, 

oo-au  equivalent  to  wau.  oo-au  equivalent  to  wau. 

oo-uh           "            wuh.  oo-uh          "              with. 
MHO             ""            wo. 

OO-0O           "           W0O.  oo-oo.          *'             woo. 

The  second  series  may  be  analysed  in  the  same  manner  into 
e-e,  e-a,  e-ah,  &c.,  equivalent  to  ye,  ya,  yah,  &c. 

101.  The  triphthongs  are  composed  of  the  seventh  vowel 
00,  followed  by  i  and  ou,  which  are  proper  diphthongs ;  tfane, 
00-4,  oo-ou,  are  equivalent  to  wi,  wou. 


84  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  X. 

OF  THE  Z-HOOK  SEKIES  OF  SIGNS. 
TABLE. 

V     c 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS  AND 
OF  THE  jL-HOOK. 

102.  The  two  liquids,  /  and  r,  are  found  to 
unite  A''ery  intimately  with  the  other  consonants 
in  a  great  number  of  words,  forming  a  kind  of 
double  sound,  pronounced  by  a  single  effort  of 
the  voice ;  thus,  in  the  words  play  and  pray,  the 
two  sounds,  represented  by  p  and  /,  and  by  p 
and  r,  seem  to  become  actually  one. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  85 

The  first  liquid,  /,  uttered  in  this  compound 
manner,  immediately  after,  and  in  coniijination 
with  another  consonant  element,  ivitk  no  voiuel 
coming  betiveen  them,  is  represented  by  merely 
adding  a  small  hook  at  the  beginning  oi"  the 
consonant-sign,  by  which  the  other  element  is 
WTitten.  The  hook  is  made  j^r^f  in  writing  the 
compound  sign,  and,  in  all  cases,  is  joined  to 
the  stroke  at  the  begmning,  on  the  same  side 
as  the  circle  s  (73) ;  thus,  \  pi;  ^_  Id ;  ct-n  ml; 

<:l^  7ll,  &C. 

103.  The  l-hoo7c,  though  made  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  alphabetical  sign,  is  not  read  before 
it,  like  the  circle  s,  made  at  the  same  place,  but 
after  it,  that  is  to  say,  the  consonant-sign  to 
wliich  it  is  affixed  is  always  read  first,  as  pi,  hi, 
ml,  &c.  Hence  the  combinations  ij),  Ik,  Im,  in, 
&c.,  must  be  written  in  full ;  thus,  /^^\  ^  ^ 
(^  as  in  the  words,  /^X  help  ;  ^  like;  ^  limb; 
(2,  line.  This  pecuharity  should  be  well  fixed 
in  the  mind  of  the  learner. 

104.  The  consonant-signs,  )  )  y  ^  and 
<^  never  take  the  /-hook,  either  because  there  is 
no  occasion  for  such  combinations  of  sounds,  or 
else,  because  there  are  already  provided  other 
methods  of  representing  them  sufficiently  con- 
tracted. 

SI  and  zl  are  written  thus,  ^  ^as  in  ^  seal ; 
8 


86  PHONOGRAPHY. 

j^  zeal  (84),  or  in  combination,  they  may  be  writ- 
ten thus  /^  as  in  Y^  excels  (83)  that  is,  instead  of 
putting  an  l-hook  to  the  long  )  5  or  )  2^,  the  circle 
is  placed  to  the  full  sign  for  / ;  U  and  ngl^  are 
not  required ;  li  is  written  in  full ;  thus  ~V^  or 
else  by  special  forms  which  are  explained  in  a 
following  chapter.  Slil  and  zlil  have  also  pecu- 
har  forms  which  are  not  yet  introduced.  (115.) 

OF   THE    MODE     OF     PLACING    THE    VOWEL-SIGNS    TO 
THE    i-HOOK    SERIES    OF    SIGNS. 

105.  The  alphabetic-sign,  with  the  hook 
added  to  it,  should  be  regarded  as  one  sign,  and 
the  two  consonants  represented  by  it,  should,  in 
analysing  words,  be  named  as  one  ;  that  is,  the 
sounds  represented  by  the  signs  of  the  /-hook 
series  should  be  pronounced  as  the  final  sylla- 
bles of  the  words,  app/l?  (pi),  bi6Zp  (bl),  ^tle  (tl), 
med^^^  (dl),  whiffle  (fl),  evil  (vl),  &c. 

In  writing,  therefore,  if  a  vowel  precedes  this 
double  consonant-sound,  the  vowel-sign  must 
be  placed  before  the  double  consonant-sign; 
thus,  \  apple ;  X  ^^*^^/  ^—  ^cigl^,  &c.,  and  if  the 
vowel  follows,  the  vowel-sign  must  be  placed 
after  ;  thus,  \  play  ;  C^  flying;  c_.  c%,  &c.,  or  a 
vowel-sign  may  be  placed  on  both  sides ;  thus, 
c-^  only,  the  two  consonants  stiU  being  uttered 
together. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  87 

But  if  a  vowel  has  to  be  inserted  hctwcen  two 
consonants,  the  last  of  which  is  /,  each  conson- 
ant must  be  written  by  its  own  proper  alpha- 
betic sign;  thus,  \/^  peal;\j^  fail ;  \^:i^  rnail ; 
and,  in  analysing,  each  element  must  then  be 
named  separately. 

Even  when  the  two  consonant  sounds  are 
uttered  as  one,  they  nevertheless  form  a  sijllable 
at  the  end  of  a  word,  and  we  hear  between 
them  a  vei}^  shght  quantity  of  the  natural  vowel. 
No.  5,  the  sign  for  which  is  omitted  when  the 
hook  is  used.  (50.)  But  if  great  accuracy  is 
desired,  in  denoting  the  elements  of  the  word, 
both  consonants  may  be  represented  by  their 
own  signs,  and  the  fifth  full- vowel-sign  inserted ; 
thus,  X/^  apple ;  *VC/"  m/,  &c. 

SIGNS     OF      THE    i-HOOK      SERIES     USED     AS     WORD- 
SIGNS. 

The  signs  of  this  series,  used  as  word-signs, 
are  S^  for  public ;  '^~^  above  the  line,  for  hnouh 
ledse  and  aclxnowled^e ;  and  «^^  on  the  line  for 
only ;   ^  fox  follow  ;  and  /^  for  indiddual. 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  XL 


OF  THE  R  HOOK  SERIES  OF  SIGNS. 

TABLE 

0 

N          1 

/      _ 

\          1 

/     _ 

^            ) 

J 

->            ) 

J 

EXPLANATION    OF   THE    i2-H00K. 

106.  The  second  liquid,  r,  when  it  follows 
anotlier  consonant,  is  likewise  represented  by  a 
small  hook  at  the  beginning  of  the  alphabetical 
sign,  by  wliich  the  other  consonant  is  signified, 
but  upon  the  side  opposite  that  upoli  which  the 
Irkook  is  placed;  thus,  '\.  pr ;  \  tr ;  /  chr ; 
<r—  hr,  &c.  A  difficulty  occurs  here,  however, 
with'respect  to  some  of  the  curved  letters.  A 
hook  must  not  be  placed  upon  the  back  of  a 
curve,   as  it  would  make   an   awkward  and 


PHONOGRAPHY.  89 

troublesome  figure  to  write.  To  obviate  tliis 
necessity,  the  signs,  ^  f,  ^  v,  ( tit,  and  (  th, 
when  the  r  hook  is  added,  are  themselves  invert- 
ed, making  ^  /r,  "^  vr,  *)  thr,  )  thr,  as  in  the 
words,  "N^  free  ;  ^  over  ;  ")  ether  ;  ')  either.  This 
is  done  without  occasioning  any  confusion,  be- 
cause the  signs,  "^^  )  and  )  the  places  of 
which  they  are  thus  made  to  occupy,  do  not 
take  the  r-hook  when  they  are  used  for  r,  s, 
and  z.  This  method  cannot  be  used  with  the 
m  and  n  signs.  The  body  of  the  sign  is  there- 
fore made  heavy  when  the  r-hook  is  added. 

The  combination  rr  is  not  required.  Sr  and 
zr  are  written  thus  ^  <^  as  in  the  words 
'^  sire  ;  ^  sour ;  F\  sorry. 

OF    THE    METHOD    OF   WRITING   THE  VOWfeL-SIGNS  TO 
THE       ii-HOOK    SERIES    OF    CONSONANT-SIGNS. 

107.  The  method  of  writing  the  vowel-signs 
to  this  series  of  signs,  is  in  all  respects  the  same 
as  that  described  in  the  preceding  chapter,  \n\\\ 
reference  to  the  /-hook,  and  the  same  obser- 
vations are  apphcable.  (105.)  Wlien  uttered  as 
one,  the  consonants  of  this  series  should  be 
named  as  the  last  syllables  of  the  words,  pap^r 
(pr),  robber  (br),  letter  (tr),  reader  (dr),  &c. 


8^ 


90  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ON  JOININa  THE    L  OR    72-HOOK-SIGNS  TO  A  PRECEDING 
CONSONANT-SIGN. 

108.  The  I  or  r-hook-signs  are  readily  joined 
to  a  preceding  consonant-sign,  without  raising 
the  pen,  as  /^  reply  ;  y\^  surprise  ;  ^=\  nohle  ; 
J  tickle,  &c.  In  a  few  instances  tlie  hook 
may  not  be  very  perfect,  as  ^  cradle;^  de- 
gree, but  the  offset  made  by  the  pen  renders  it 
equally  ob\dous.  It  must  not  in  any  case  have 
the  appearance  of  being  mended  on,  as  "^  |g_  &c. 

Wlien  the  circle  comes  between  a  preceding 
consonant-sign,  and  a  hook-sign,  it  must  be 
turned  so  as  to  accommodate  it  to  the  formation 
of  the  hook;  thus,  "^^Xo  express ;  ^  master ; 
^      physical;  ~^    explain;  ^j^.     describe. 

In  some  cases  of  this  kind  it  is  more  distinct 
to  write  the  two  single  signs  at  length,  in- 
stead of  the  hook-sign ;  thus,  t— >/\  describe  ; 
-"-^yi^  explain. 

SIGNS  OF  THE    JZ-HOOK  SERIES    USED  AS  WORD-SIGNS. 

109.  The  signs  of  this  series  used  as  word- 
signs,  are  %  for  principle  and  principal;  \  for 
memher  and  remember ;  ^  for  from  ;  ^  for 
very ;  ^^  above  the  Une  for  remark ;  and  <-^  on 
the  Une  for  more;  \  for  truth;  )  for  there 
and  tlieir ;  and  '^  above  the  line  for  nor;  and 
^  for  pleasure. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  91 


CHAPTER  XII. 

OF    THE   L  AND    72-HOOK    SERIES    OF    SIGNS   PRE- 
CEDED BY  S. 

TABLE. 


\- 

Ti 

r 

\ 

f 

/" 

V 

^ 

N 

c 

/ 

■N 

c 

/ 

^ 

^ 

) 

EXPLANATION    OF    THE    COMBINATIONS. 

110.  The  circle  is  prefixed  to  the  double  con- 
sonant-signs, as  well  as  to  the  single.  It  is  joined 
to  the  /-hook  series  by  nialdng  it  rather  smaller 
than  usual,  and  including  it  Avilhin  the  hook ; 
thus,  \  spl;  e—  sM;  ^  scl;  in  this  case  the 
circle  is  made  first,  and  the  hand,  in  turning  it, 
is  carried  round  so  as  to  form  the  hook  before 
making  the  long  sign,  which  is  struck  last    , 


92  PHONOGRAPHY. 

111.  The  5  or  ^  is  prefixed  to  the  r-hook 
series  of  consonants  in  rather  a  different  manner. 
The  circle  for  s  or  z,  and  the  /-hook,  occupy  the 
same  side  of  the  alphabetical  sign  ;  thus  \  sp  ; 
\  pi;  and  hence,  when  both  the  hook  and 
circle  are  needed,  pains  must  be  taken,  as 
in  the  first  part  of  the  above  table,  to  make 
them  both  obvious;  but  as  the  circle  for  the 
simple  5  or  z  is  never  placed  upon  the  side  of  an 
r-hook,  advantage  is  taken  of  this  circumstance 
to  represent  both  the  circle  and  hook  by 
writing  the  circle  alone,  the  position  which  it 
occupies  indicating  the  double  oflftce  which  it 
performs ;  thus  °\  is  spr ;  °\  is  str ;  as  contract- 
ed forms  for  \  *]  &c.  But,  with  the  curves, 
the  contraction  cannot  take  place;  thus,  we 
must  write  ®Nj  for  suffer,  &c. 

RULES    FOR    PLACING     THE    VOWEL-SIGNS    TO    THE    L 
AND    iZ-HOOK  SIGNS  PRECEDED    BY    THE    CIRCLE. 

112.  The  learner  will  notice  that  in  these 
combinations  the  s  sound  is  heard  first,  and  the 
Hquid  /  or  r  last  of  the  thi'ee  consonant-sounds 
which  are  thus  united.  Inasmuch  as  the  s 
sound  is  first  heard,  it  follows  that  no  vowel- 
sound  can  be  so  written  as  to  read  before  one 
of  these  signs  (because  a  vowel  cannot  be  writ- 


PHONOGIIAPHY.  93 

ten  to  the  circle) ;  hence,  if  a  word  begins  with 
a  vowel,  followed  by  one  of  these  conibhiations 
of  sounds,  the  long  s  must  be  used,  thus, 
'^)   oysters ;    1    hisi'ry. 

If  a  vowel  comes  after  the  s,  and  before  the 
pl,pr,  &c.,»the  circle  is  tlien  used  as  directed 
above,  and  the  vowel  written  he/ore,  that  is,  on 
the  left  hand  of  the  perpendicular  and  inchned 
consonant-signs,  and  above  the  horizontals ; 
thus,  "p  is  read  sidle,  and  "^  cider ;  just  as  "f  is 
read  side.  In  the  same  manner  we  may  com- 
pare I"  saddle,  '\  sadder,  and  f  sad ;  e_  sickle, 
h—  sicker,  aiid  q—  sick ;  ^O^  similar,  ^^  simmer, 
and  <ri>  Simm^ ;  '^  civil  ^  suffer,  and  .^  safe, 
&c. 

113.  If  the  vowel  comes  after  all  the  three 
consonant-sounds,  it  must  be  written  after ;  that 
is,  to  the  right  hand,  or  below  the  sign ;  thus, 
"^  splice,  ^  ^y,  just  as  '^^  is  spice,  and  '^  is 
spy ;  compare  in  the  same  manner,  ^^  stream, 
^!^  steam;  ^—""^  skream,  9—^-^  scheme;  and 
the  like. 

When  no  vowel  comes  between  the  conson- 
ants, s-pl,  s-pr,  s-tl,  s-tr,  &c.,  these  combina- 
are  read  as  one,  in  analysmg  words,  like  the 
pi,  pr,  &c. 


94  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTEii  XIIL 

PECULIAR  COMPOUXD  CONSONANT-SIGNS. 

114.  The  up-stroke  r  takes  an  /-hook  upon  the 
left  side ;  thus,  </  wliich  may  appear,  at  first,  to 
be  contrary  to  analogy ;  but  if  tliis  form  of  the  r  is 
regarded  as  the  —  /r,  with  the  end  elevated  to 
an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees,  the  arrangement 
of  the  hook  v^^ill  be  seen  to  be  correct ;  thus, 
^■^  pearl ;  -^-^  curl;  ^^cy  furl,  &c.  This  form, 
like  the  simple  up-stroke,  can  only  be  used  in 
combination ;  hence,  "S/"  reel,  ^\^  rally,  and 
similar  words  must  be  written  at  length. 

115.  The  signs  J  shl,  and  J  zhl,  are  joined 
by  tlie  hook  to  the  end  of  the  preceding  con- 
sonant-sign, and  are  struck  up ;  thus,  \y^  par- 
tial; \^  essential,  &c.  As  they  have  this  pe- 
culiarity, they  were  not  inserted  in  the  table  of 
the  /-hook  characters,  but  reserved  for  a  special 
explanation.  The  character  for  zhl  being  a 
heavy  mark,  J  and  struck  up,  cannot  be  easily 
made  with  a  pen;  but  this  combination  is  of 
very  rare  occurrence,  and  it  may  be  written  in 
full.     We  have  an  instance  of  it  in  the  word 

^'^y  ambrosial. 

116.  There  are  two  signs  for  the  combina- 
tion Ir,  one  or  the  other  of  which  is  used,  ac- 
cording as  it  is  the  more  convenient  form  for 


PHONOGRAPHY.  95 

joining  in  tlie  position  in  which  it  occurs.  Tlio 
first  form  is  the  /  with  a  hook  at  the  lov.er  or 
beginning  extremity;  thus,  (^  This  sign  is 
always  struck  up.  It  is  joined,  therefore,  to  a 
preceding  sign  by  the  hook,  as  in  \j^  fuller  ; 
-.^  nailor.  The  r-hook  of  this  sign  is  on 
the  side  opposite  to  that  of  the  /-hook,  upon  the 
upstroke  r. 

117.  The  second  sign  for  the  combination 
is  the  /  made  heavy,  wliich  is,  therefore,  gener- 
ally struck  down ;  thus,  as  in  T"  sailor ; 
Y^  miller. 

The  sign  for  w,  made  heavy,  is  used  for  7np ; 
as  in  '^^  imp  ;  ^  impious  ;  \^^  tramp. 

118.  The  alphabetic  sign  for  r,  made 
heavy,  makes  a  second  sign  for  tr,  this  form 
not  being  required  for  any  other  purpose ;  in 
other  words,  the  hook  for  the  vr  character  may 
omitted,  as  in  '^  over ;  "^  >^  clever  ./^  river  ; 
instead  of  ^  "^"^   /^  &c. 

THE    PECULIAR     COMPOUND     CONSONANT-SIGNS     USED 
AS    V/ORD-SIGNS. 

119.  Tlie  f  Ir  is  used  as  a  word-sign  for 
already. 

The  ^  mp  above  the  line,  is  used  as  a  word- 
sign  for  important  and  importance,  and  ^^  on  the 
line,  for  improve,  and   improvement. 

The  ^  vr  is  a  word-sign  for  every. 


96  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

OF  TERMINATIONAL  CHANGES  AND  PARTICULARLY 
OF  THE  iV^-HOOK. 


TABLE. 

\ 

J       y 

\ 

\       y 

V. 

i   )     jy 

^ 

(   )     Jj 

r     ^  y 

OF   THE   ADDITIONS  AND    CHANGES  WHICH    OCCUR  AT 
THE    END    OF   THE    CONSONANT-SIGNS. 

120.  The  method  has  been  explained  in 
the  preceding  chapters  of  joming  the  simple 
circle  for  s  and  z  to  the  alphabetic-signs ;  that 
of  using  the  hooks  for  the  Uquids  /  and  r ;  and, 
finally,  that  of  joining  the  circle  to  the  double 
signs,  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  hooks. 

All  of  these  additions  -are  made  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  consonant-signs.     Other  additions 


PHONOGRilPHY.  97 

and  changes  are  made,  for  other  purposes,  at  the 
end,  which  will  be  explained  in  this  and  the 
following  chapters.  The  consonant-sounds, 
which  are  signified  by  hooks  or  changes  made 
at  the  end  of  the  alphabetic- sign,  are,  like  the 
s  or  z,  signified  by  the  circle,  (72)  distinct  and 
single  consonants ;  that  is,  they  do  not  blend  in 
the  utterance,  like  the  hquids  /  and  ?•,  with  the 
preceding  consonant,  so  as  to  form  a  double 
consonant.  (102.)  These  may,  therefore,  just  as 
properly  be  written  by  their  own  separate  signs. 
When  represented  in  the  conti-acted  methods 
which  are  about  to  be  explained,  it  is  merely 
for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  compactness  in  writ- 
ing. Hence,  they  separate,  in  reading,  like  the 
circle,  as  will  be  shown,  whenever  the  vowel 
comes  between  them  and  the  preceduig  single 
or  double  consonant.  The  rules  for  placing 
and  reading  the  vowel-signs,  along  with  con- 
sonant-signs thus  modified,  will  be  more  fully 
stated  after  the  several  kinds  of  final  changes 
have  been  specifically  described.  (141.) 

OF    THE    J\r-H00K. 

121.     This  hook  is  placed  at  the  end  of  the 
alphabetic-signs  upon  the  side  which  the  r-hook 
occupies  at  the  beginning,  as  respects  the  straight- 
9 


98  PHONOGRAPHY. 

line-signs  ;  but  always  upon  the  inner  or  concave 
side  of  the  curves ;  thus,  N,  p-n,  J  t-n,  -^  k-n, 
and  Vi  f-n,  ^  r-n,  (T  l-n,  -^  m-n,  ^^  n-n,  &c. 

An  5  or  z  is  then  added  at  the  end  of  words 
onlj/,  (for  the  phiral  of  nouns,  &c.),  by  merely 
carrying  the  hook  round,  so  as  to  complete  a 
circle  upon  the  straight  signs ;  thus,  \  p-ns,  as  in 
the  word  pence  ;  \  p-nz,  as  in  pains  ;  J  d-ns,  as 
in  dense;  J  d-nz,  as  in  dens,  and  turning  or 
folding  it  within  the  circle,  upon  tlie  curves, 
thus,  ^-^  m-nz,  as  in  man's.  The  circle  may 
be  made  a  httle  heavy  for  z. 

122.  The  combinations,  sh-n  and  z-hn,  have 
each  two  forms ;  thus,  J^  Jf  ox  J  J  according 
as  the  sign  is  struck  up  or  down.  The  first 
forms  are  the  same  as  those  for  sh-l,  and  zh-l, 
(115) ;  and  the  second  the  same  as  those  for 
sh-r,  and  zh-r.  (106.)  They  are  easily  distin- 
guished, however,  as  the  sh-l  form  is  joined  to 
the  preceding  sign  hy  the  hooh,  and  then  struck 
upwards  ;  and  the  sh-r  is  also  joined  hy  the  hook, 
and  then  struck  downwards;  while  the  sh-n 
form,  whether  struck  upwards  or  downwards  is 
always  joined  by  the  body  of  the  sign,  and  the 
hook  made  last ;  thus,  compare,  J_^  essential, 
'^    censure,  with  -]^^   or  "i^  ascension. 

The  sh-n  and  zh-n  forms  can  only  be  struck 
upwards  when  preceded  by  a  long  consonant- 


PHONOGRAPHY.  99 

sign,  as  they  could  not  otherwise  be  distin- 
guished from  sh-r  and  zh-r.  Struck  downwards, 
they  may  stand  alone,  thus,  J'^  shine;  ^  shown, 
&c.,  because  the  sh-l  and  zh-l  forms  are  never 
used,  except  when  preceded  by  a  long  conson- 
ant-sign. 

123.  The  (T  Ifi,  and  /"  rn,  can  only  be  used 
when  in  conjunction  with  other  long  signs,  as 
they  would  be  taken  for  Ir,  chl.  The  other 
forms  must  be  used  in  such  words  as  /^^  line ; 
^  rain,  &c. 

124.  The  combinations  of  the  ?z-hook  series 
partake  of  the  double  consonant  character, 
when  no  vowel  intervenes,  and  they  may  then 
be  named  hke  the  last  syllables  of  the  words 
iympan  (pn),  Xuxhan  (bn),  mar^m  (tn),  sudiden 
(dn),  &c. 

The  final  as  circle  may,  as  a  convenient 
name,  be  called  ence  or  enz.  The  double  circle, 
sis  or  siz,  is  then  called  ensis,  and  is  read  thus, 
^-  tenses^  "^^    expenses. 

SIGNS  OF    THE    i\'-HOOK  SEPiIES  USED  AS   WORD-SIGNS. 

125.  The  sign  \  is  used  for  Kpon;  \  for 
been;  V^  for  phonography  and  phonographic; 
*^  above  the  line,  for  opinion;  y  for  general; 
(J  for  occasion  ;  J  for  done  ;  f^  for  alone  ;  and  — ^ 
on  the  line  for  can. 


100 


PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

OF   THE   SHN-IIOOK. 

TABLE. 

\ 

/ 

\ 

I          / 

v^ 

L  ^    cJj) 

V. 

(^  d      JJ 

r    ^  / 

-^^  -^  v^ 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE    SHN-UOOK, 

126.  There  still  remains  one  position  only 
in  which  the  hook  may  be  placed  to  the  alpha- 
betical-signs which  has  not  yet  been  employ- 
ed. This  is  at  the  end  of  tlie  straight-line-signs, 
upon  the  side  which  the  l-hook  occupies  at  the 
beginning.  It  is  found  convenient  to  use  the 
hook  in  this  position  for  the  combination  of 
sounds,  shn,  or  zhn,  which  are  heard  in  those 
very  frequent  terminations  of  the  English  Ian- 


PHONOGRAPHY.  101 

guage,  tion,  sion,  dan;  thus,  \  p-slin ;  [  d-shn; 
—3  k-skn,  &c. 

A  final  5  or  z  is  then  added  by  turning  the 
circle  within  the  hook ;  thus,  \  p-shns ; 
[p  d-shns  ;  _s  k-shns. 

128.  Inasmuch  as  the  hook  can  only  be 
placed  on  the  inner  or  concave  side  of  the 
curves,  and  as  this  position  is  aheady  occupied 
by  the  n-hook,  the  termination  shn  or  zhn  is 
added  to  the  curved-signs,  by  merely  making 
the  hook  twice  the  usual  size,  and  a  small  circle 
is  added  at  the  end  of  it  for  a  final  s  oi  z;  thus, 
V^  f-shn,  ,3  s-shn,  ^s>  n-shn,  Vs  f-shns,  ^  s-slitw, 
■^  n-shns.  The  hook  may  be  thickened  a  httle 
for  zhn ;  thus,  \o  y-zhn,  [^  d-r-zhn.  It  is  fre- 
quently more  convenient  to  write  these  termin- 
ations, when  they  follow  curve-signs,  by  the 
full  forms,  ^  cJ  ox  J)  J 

129.  The  sign  ~^  above  the  line,  is  used  as 
a  word-sign  for  objection,  and  is  the  only  skn 
hook-sign  used  as  a  word-sign  in  ordinary  writ- 
ing. 


9* 


102  PHONOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

OF  THE  ADDITION  OF  T  AND  D  BY  HALVING  THE 
LENGTH  OF  THE  SIGNS. 


\^ 

v^ 

\^ 

\^ 

v^ 

\^ 

^N 

^"^ 

\^ 

\^ 

v.^ 

\.^ 

\  I 

v.^ 

\  ^ 

\^ 

^'^ 

EXPLANATION    OF   THE    HALF-LENGTH    SIGNS. 

130.  The  t  and  d  are  sounds  of  very  fre- 
quent occurrence,  and  are  often  added  to  other 
consonant-sounds,  with  or  without  the  inter- 
vention of  a  vowel,  particularly  in  tlie  forma- 
tion of  the  past  tenses  and  perfect  participles 
of  the  regular  verbs.  These  two  sounds  are 
written  in  phonography  by  the  perpendicular 


PHONOGRAPHY.  103 

straight  liiie,  which,  when  added  to  another 
sign,  or  repeated,  would  sometimes  cany  the 
writing  below  the  line,  so  as  to  mar  the  beauty 
of  its  appearance.  It  is  desirable,  therefore, 
both  for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  elegance,  to 
have  a  contracted  method  of  representing  these 
two  sounds.  But  every  position  at  wliich  the 
hook  or  tlie  circle  can  be  joined  to  the  alpha- 
betical signs,  is  already  occupied.  How,  then, 
can  the  t  and  d  be  represented,  without  the 
necessity  of  writing  them  in  fuU  ?  This  appa- 
rent difficulty  is  beautifully  provided  for  in 
phonography,  by  recognising  a  difference  be- 
tween the  full  length  signs  of  the  alphabet,  and 
the  same  signs  written  half  their  usual  length. 

131.  By  making  the  signs  of  the  alphabet 
half  length,  we  add,  therefore,  either  t  or  d  to 
their  value ;  that  is,  the  half  length  sign  reads 
just  as  the  full  length  sign,  with  B.t  oy  d  added 
to  it  would  read ;  thus,  ~  half  length,  is  the  same 
as  I  By  this  means  it  often  happens  that  a 
word  of  several  syllables  occupies  less  space  in 
writing,  than  a  monosyllable  written  in  full 
length  signs. 

132.  In  order  to  determine  ^vhether  it  is 
the  sound  of  t  or  d,  which  is  added  by  the  half 
length,  the  foUowmg  rules  must  be  observed : 

L     The  sound  of  t  is  added  to  the  Avhispered 


104  PHONOGRAPHY. 

consonants,  and  that  of  d  to  the  spoken  conson- 
ants ;  in  other  words,  t,  if  the  sign  is  made  by 
a  hght  hne,  and  d,  if  it  is  made  by  a  heavy  one ; 
thus,  '^p-t,  \  h-d,  ^f-d,  ^  v-d.  This  apphesto 
all  of  the  consonant  alphabet,  except  the  Uquids, 
/  and  r,  and  the  nasals,  m  n  and  ng,  ^vhich  are 
not  distinguished  into  whispered  and  spoken. 

II.  With  respect  to  the  four  signs,  /,  r,  m, 
and  n,  the  sound  of  d  is  added,  if  the  half  length 
sign  is  made  heavy  ;  thus,  r  l-d,  ">  r-d,  ^  7n-d, 
w  n-d ;  and  that  of  t,  if  the  half  length  sign  re- 
mains light ;  thus,  ^  l-t,  "^  r-t,  ^  m-t,  ^  n-t 

III.  There  is  no  contracted  form  for  ng-t,  or 
ng-d,  the  sign  -^  half  length  and  heavy,  being 
used  for  n-d. 

133.  >S'  or  2:  is  added  to  the  half-signs  by  the 
circle,  in  the  same  manner  as  it  is  to  the  full 
length  signs;  thus,  ^3  p-ts,  n>  b-dz,  ^  m-ts, 
•^  m-dz,  &c. 

134.  The  same  principle  of  adding  the  value 
of  t  or  d,  by  halving  the  length,  is  extended 
likewise  to  the  compound  signs,  whether  they 
have  a  hook  at  one  or  both  ends ;  thus,  "^  pl-t, 
%  bl-d,  c-  kr-t,  r-  gr-d ;  ^  pr-t,  \  pl-nt,  %  pr-nty 
\>  p-shnt. 

135.  If  there  is  a  final  hook,  it  may  be 
thickened  a  little  when  d  is  added ;  thus,  \  p-nd^ 
-3  h-nd,  %  pl-nd. 


rHONOGiiArnr.  3  05 

136.  The  compound-signs;,  r  Ir,  ^^  mp,  and 
^  i;r,  are  not  halved  for  these  combinations; 
these  signs,  half  length  and  llea^y  are  used  for 
Ird,  m-d,  and  r-d. 

The  l-t  and  l-d  may  be  struck  upwards  or 
downwards,  when  joined  to  a  long  sign ;  thus, 
Vr  or  ^failed,  but  otherwise,  only  downwards. 
The  heavy  hne  is  more  easily  struck  down- 
wards. Half  lenoi;h  signs  must  be  struck  in 
the  same  direction  as  the  full  length  ones,  to 
which  the  addition  of  t  or  d  is  made. 

137.  The  upstroke  r  is  halved  for  r-t ;  thus, 
\/    in  the  word  part ;  and  halved  and  made 
heavy  for  r-d ;  thus,  Vv  in  afford.     The  down- 
ward r-d  is,  how^ever,   generally  better,  as  \ 
in    hoard ;  ^  in  cheered;  C  is  Ir-t.  (166.) 

138.  The  treble  consonants  of  the  pit  (or 
pM)^  prd,  and  p/2c?-series,  should  be  named  in 
analysing  words  like  the  corresponding  double 
consonants,  Avith  the  addition  of  t  or  d,  as  in 
peopled  (pld),  papered  (prd),  hiirdened  (dnd). 
(105,  107,  124.)  Those  of  the  2>sh?it  series  are 
named  by  adding  the  last  syllable  of  patient,  to 
the  several  sounds,  p,  b,  t,  d,  &c. ;  thus,  p-shnt, 
or  with  the  d  sound,  as  ni-shnd,  in  the  word 
motioned.  The  contractions,  sprt,  sprd,  strt, 
puts,  dnts,  &c.,  may  be  called  sjna't,  spurd,  sturt, 
puhnts,  diihnts,  &c. 


1G6  PHONOGRAPHY. 

139.  The  two  consonants,  represented  by 
the  simple  half  length  signs,  p-t,  h-d,  &c.,  are 
named  together  in  analysing  words,  when  no 
distinct  vowel  comes  between  them,  by  a  sin- 
gle impulse  of  the  voice,  and  with  as  little 
of  the  natural  vowel  sounds  between  them  as 
possible. 

All  the  monosyllabic  names  of  the  several 
clusters  of  consonant-sounds  may  also  be  used 
to  denote  the  contracted  signs  by  which  they 
are  written ;  thus,  in  directing  a  pupil  to  write 
*  pale,'  a  teacher  w^ould  say,  '  make  p,  I  \r~ ' 
and  place  a  after  the  p '  (giving  the  sound  only, 
not  the  names  of  the  consonants) ;  and,  for 
'  play,'  he  w^ould  say,  '  make  pi  \  (uttered  by 
one  impulse),  and  place  a  after  it' 

HALF    LENGTH    SIGNS    USED    AS    WORD-SIGNS. 

140.  The  half  length  signs,  occupying  only  half 
the  space  of  a  line,  are  used  for  one  word  above 
the  line,  and  for  another  upon  it,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  horizontals  (68),  as  follows, 
V.  after;  ^  immediate-bj  (68);  )  estabUsh-ment ; 
^  word ;  ""  not ;  ^  represent ;  w  under ;  ~  ob- 
ject;  —  subject ;  ~  God;  —  good ;  '^particular; 
<v  opportunity;  -^  short;  "^  cannot;  -,  ac- 
count; ^  spirit. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  107 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

OF  THE  METHOD  OF  PLACIXG  THE  VOWEL-SIGNS 
TO  CONSONANT-SIGNS  HAVING  FINAL  ADDI- 
TIONS OR  CHANGES. 

141.  By  final  additions  and  changes  spoken 
of  in  this  chapter,  are  meant  the  n-hook,  and 
shn-hook,  and  the  halving  of  the  consonant-signs. 
This  last  may  be  regarded  as  the  cutting  off  of 
the  last  half  of  the  sign,  and,  therefore,  as  a 
Jinal  change  with  respect  to  it,  the  effect  of 
which  is  to  denote  the  addition  of  another  conson- 
mii-sound,  to  that  of  the  full  length  sign.  (130.) 

142.  The  following  are  the  rules  for  vocal- 
izing the  consonant-signs,  having  final  additions 
or  changes. 

I.  If  the  vowel  is  to  read  before  all  the 
consonants,  place  the  vowel-sign  before,  that  is, 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  (35)  or  above,  (40)  the 
consonant-sign,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  there 
were  no  final  addition  or  change ;  thus,  ^^  open  ; 
\  opened;  '"J  heighten;  '"J  heightened ;  /\,  option; 
— ^  action;  \^ often;  */  east ;  -=-  aijned;  ^  wished; 
"X  whipped. 

II.  If  the  vaw^el  is  to  be  read  between  the  two 
consonants,  place  the  vowel-sign  after,  that  is,  on 


108  PHONOGRAPHY. 

the  right  hand  side  of,  or  hehw  the  consonant- 
sign  ;  thus,  \  pain ;  K&  vines;  --^ man ;  /^  lean; 
Va  vision  ;  '^  mate  ;  <'  light ;  ^  quite  ;  ^  fates  ; 
^  patient.  Two  vowels  may  be  written  to 
read  between,  by  placing  the  sign  for  the  last 
one  a  httle  off;  tlius,  T-  diet.  The  third-place 
vowel-sign  may  be  placed  within  the  shn-hook ; 
thus,  Vs  fashions.  In  all  these  cases  the  added 
consonants  separate,  and  are  read  after  the 
vowel,  in  tlie  same  manner  as  the  circle  s  or 
z  and  the  general  rules  for  placing  the  vowel- 
signs  are,  in  the  same  manner,  sacrificed  for  the 
sake  of  brevity.  (76). 

IIL  If  a  vowel  is  to  follow  both  consonant- 
sounds,  that  is,  if  it  is  to  come  after  the  sound, 
which  w^ould  be  represented  by  the  final 
hook  or  halving,  and  if  this  vowel  is  to  end  the 
word,  the  final  hook,  or  halving,  must  not  be 
used,  as  there  is,  in  this  case,  no  place  for  the 
vow^el-sign  to  occupy.  The  added  consonant- 
sound,  that  is  the  n,  ?,  or  d,  must  be  written  in 
full;  thus  \^  penny ;  "V  beauties.  The  ter- 
mination shn,  would  be  written  in  full,  thus, 
^J^^  or  ^  but,  as  it  is  never  followed  by  a  final 
vowel,  the  contracted  forms  may  be  always  used 
thus,  J)  or  cJ  (122,)  or  else  the  simple  hook 

When  still  another  consonant  is  to  follow,  the 
contracted  form  may  in  aU  cases  be  retained, 


rHONOGRAPHY.  109 

and  the  vowel-sign  placed  to  the  folio win<^  con- 
sonant sign;  thus,  V2'~  funnel;  -sy  better; 
V^  writer  ;  ^  matters  ;  ^^  natiomdhj. 

113.  In  all  cases,  a  hook  or  circle,  or  a  liook 
and  circle  at  the  beginning  of  a  consonant-sign, 
having  a  final  hook  or  halving,  will  be  read 
precisely  as  it  would  be  if  there  were  no  final 
hook  or  halving  ;  the  Avriter  will  therefore  write 
accordingly,  tlius,  \.  plan,  \-  planned ;  *)  season^ 
'y  seasoned;  '\  sober,  %  sobered;  V._  fable, 
^^^  fabled;  '^  measure,  ^^  m^easured ;  y  wa- 
ger, */*  wagered;  v-^  seem.,  '<r^  seemed;  .^  save^ 
?  saved ;  (r<  humor,  <r5  humored. 


10 


110  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  XVIIL 

OF  THE  LOOPS   ST  AND  STR. 

144.  There  is  a  second  form  for  the  common 
combination  st,  (beside  the  s-sign  half  length,) 
which  is  a  loop  or  oval  joined  to  a  long  con- 
sonant-sign. It  is  made  half  the  length  of  the 
long  sign  to  which  it  is  joined.  A  larger  loop, 
made  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  long  sign, 
is  used  for  str. 

The  several  sounds  represented  by  these 
loops  are  to  be  read  as  one,  and  the  loops,  joined 
at  either  end  of  the  consonant-signs,  are  then 
used,  in  all  respects,  at  the  beginning  and  end 
of  words,  as  the  circle  s ;  thus,  ^  less,  (^  lest, 
^  Lester  ;  '^'^  Miss,  ''"^  mist,  ""^  Mister  ;  «^~"  seam,, 
^=^  steam,  '<=^  stream,.  They  should  not,  how- 
ever, be  made  within  a  hook,  as  ^  for  stable, 
which  should  be  written  ]• 

145.  An  5  or  z  may  be  added  to  the  loops, 
by  continuing  a  stroke  to  the  other  side,  and 
forming  a  circle;  thus,  <j^  tests;  c^  crusts; 
\  spinsters.  A  vowel-sign  may  be  put  inside 
of  the  large  loop  ;  thus,  \::>^  faster. 

146.  The  small  loop,  reduced  in  size,  may 
be  added  to  the  half  length  signs ;  thus,  -P  stated. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  Ill 

Both  loops  may  be  occasionally  used  in  the 
middle  of  a  word  ;  thus,  \^  dutinct ;  |j\  disturb. 

147.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel, 
followed  by  st  or  zd,  the  half  length  strokes 
must  be  used  thus,  ')/  JEaster  ;c^^_^  tcisdotn. 

The  two  forms  of  5  may  be  distinguished,  as 
*  the  stroke  5,'  and  '  the  circle  5 ;'  and  the  two 
forms  of  st,  as  the  stroke  est,  and  the  loop  est, 
(expeUing  tlie  vowel  entirely  when  analysing 
words.)  So  we  may  also  speak  of  the  stroke 
star,  and  the  loop  stur. 

The  st  loop  is  used  as  a  word-sign  for  the 
word  first,  placed  on  the  line  and  inchned  to 
the  right,  tlius,  ^ 


llifc  PHONOGRAPHY.  =~. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

SPECIAL    SCHEME    OF    VOWEL-SIGNS. 

148.  It  was  laid  down  as  tlie  rule,  in  treat- 
ing of  the  /  and  r-hook  series  of  signs,  that  tliose 
signs  cannot  be  used  when  a  vowel  comes 
between  the  two  consonant  sounds  which  they  re- 
present ;  and  that  the  /  or  r  must  in  that  case  be 
represented  by  its  own  proper  sign,  or  else  the 
vowel-sign  must  be  omitted.  (105.)  This  rule  is 
without  exception  when  the  regular  method  of 
writing  the  vowel-signs  is  employed.  The  fol- 
lowing peculiar  mode  of  representing  the  vowels, 
has,  however,  been  provided,  by  which  they  may 
be  written  so  as  to  read  between  the  sound  of 
the  alphabetic-sign  and  that  of  the  /  or  r  added 
by  the  hook.^ 

149.  The  simple  vowel-sign  of  the  first 
group  is  a  small  circle  (half  the  size  of  the  s 
circle)  written  for  the  fuU  vowels,  precisely  where 
the  dot  or  other  ordinary  vowel-sign  would  be 
written  to  read,  after ;  and,  for  the  stopped 
vowels,  precisely  where  the  ordinary  vov/el-sign 
would  be  written  to  read    before   the   double 

*  This  method  \»  extremely  useful  in  restoring  tlic  reporting  style,  in 
which  the  vowels  arc  chiefly  omitted,  to  the  fuller  style  of  writing.  Be- 
ginners are  recommond.al  not  to  attempt  to  practise  it,  until  they  are  en- 
tirely familiar  wiili  the  common  mode  of  writinjj  the  vowels. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  113 

consonant;  thus,  compare,  ^  plea,  and  =\  peal; 
\  play,  and  "s^  pail ;  <?-*  grass,  and  c-^  cars ; 
and,  in  the  same  manner,  compare,  ^  able, 
and  5;^  hell;  (r<  Jmmmer,  and  <r^  marry,  &c. 

The  third -place  circle,  for  the  full  vowel,  may 
be  put  before  a  following  consonant;  thus, 
^^  Charles,  %^  Parliament. 

150.  The  second  group  of  the  simple,  and 
all  of  the  compound  vowel-signs,  are  the  same 
in  this  as  in  the  common  method  of  vocalizing, 
but  they  are  written  differently ;  thus,  I.  They 
are  struck  through  the  double  consonant-sign ; 
as,  '^x^ purse;  ^  fvU;  h-  quail.  II.  The  dash 
for  the  sixth  vow^el  o,  is  written  in  a  slanting 
direction ;  as  ^  pour ;  c^-  coal.  IIL  When  it 
is  inconvenient  to  strike  the  vowel-sign  through 
a  consonant-sign,  on  account  of  interfering  with 
a  hook  or  circle,  it  may  be  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end  of  the  consonant-sign ;  as  "^]  cord; 
f  toil;  5-cn  secures ;  /*^"  regulation.  This  can 
only  be  done,  however,  at  the  beginning  or  end 
of  a  word.  If  the  difficulty  occurs  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  it  is  better  to  write  the  consonants 
by  their  fuU  signs. 

151.  The  /  and  r-hook-signs  may  also  be 
halved  when  vocahzed  in  this  maimer  for  the 
addition  of  t  and  d;  thus  "^  fauU;  T  tiU ; 
%  hoard. 

10* 


114  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

OF  TILE  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

152.  Besides  the  prefixes  and  affixes  already 
noticed,  (65)  the  following  are  extremely  use- 
ful. They  should  be  written  near  the  body  of 
the  word  but  not  joined. 

PREFIXES. 

For  accom,  write  a  heavy  dot;  as,  "<    accomr 

pKshed ;  '"^j^  «rcompany. 
For  incom,  incon,  incog,  write  ""^  above  the  line ; 

as,  "x  incomjAeie ;  ^  inconstsint 
For  recom,  recon,  recog,  write  ^    as  ^s;^  recom- 

Twend ;  -^  recognise. 
For  uncon,  uncom,  incog,  write  — ^  on  the  line ; 

as,  v>_5^  unconcerned ;  ^Xi^  uncommon. 
For  circum,  write  o  at  the   beginning  of  the 

next  consonant ;  as  o^-^  czrcww?  scribe ; 

^  aVcwmstance. 
For  inter,  and  intro,  write  ^  in  any  position 

near  the  following  letter ;  as  "^^  inter- 

view ;  ^|  i  „  «V<froduction. 
For  magna,  magni,  write  ""^  above  the  body  of 

the  word;    as  -'vi-.-t^  magnanimous) 

^^  magnify. 


PHOFOGRAPHY.  115 

For  self  write  o  at  the  side  of  the  next  con- 
sonant ;  as  3^  selfish.  Write  this  circle 
twice  the  size  of  the  vowel  circle. 
(149.) 

AFFIXES. 


For  li/,  write  ^  as  *^/-  fine/y ;  ^^  patient/z/  ; 
or  else  in  fuh,  as  ^----^  name///,  when 
the  /can  be  more  conveniently  jomed, 
which  generally  is  the  case,  except 
after  a  final  hook.  The  vowel  may 
then  be  added  or  not,  at  pleasure. 

For  self,  write  o  ;  as  (o  thyself;  '^'^  myself; 
%^  or  o  himself 

For  selves,  write  a  large  circle,  as,  aO  youiselves  ; 

(o  themselves. 

Note.  —  After  p,  h,  and  the  downward  /,  it  will  be  found  more 
convenient  to  join  the  consonant  ng,  than  to  take  off  the  pen  and 
make  the  dot  for  the  termination  ing ;  thus,  ''S^  spring,  \^^  or 
without  the  vowels  \_^  being. 


116  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CHAPTER  XXI 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  DIFFERENT  MODES  OF  WRITING, 
PARTICULAR   RULES    FOR    CORRECT   WRITING. 

153.  Phonography  affords  a  great  variety  in 
the  forms  of  words.  In  some  instances  tlie  se- 
lection is  directed  by  principles  which  ought  not 
to  be  neglected ;  and  in  others  the  taste  alone 
needs  to  be  consulted.  The  learner  insensibly 
acquires  the  most  facile  and  rapidly  written 
forms  by  practice  in  w^riting.  An  acute  angle 
is  more  easily  made  than  an  obtuse  one  ;  thus, 
yf  is  preferable  to  ")  A  full  form,  which  can 
be  made  without  raising  the  pen,  is  often  pre- 
ferable to  a  more  contracted  one,  which  requires 
the  pen  to  be  raised ;  thus,  '^•'\/^  is  better  than 
?-^<>^  for  sensible ;  r^^Jsy^  than  fN,^  for  impos- 
sible, &c.  It  is  always  better  for  the  hand  to 
proceed  forward  than  to  go  backward;  thus, 
•5-y^  should  be  preferred  to  **^*^  for  simple ; 
and  ^^\^  to  ?^y  for  several,  &c.  The  most 
contracted  is  not  always  the  easiest  form. 
Select  those  forms  which  can  be  readily  voca- 
lized. 

154.  It  results  from  the  rule  for  combining 
consonant-signs,  (p.  48)  that  a  straight-line-sign 


PHONOGHAtHY.  117 

is  repeated  by  making  it  twice  the  length  of  a 
single  sign;  thus,  '  kick;  but  a  half  length 
consonant-sign  must  not  be  joined  to  a  full  one, 
in  this  or  any  other  case,  where  it  will  not  form 
an  angle ;  thus,  we  must  write,  '^     '"]  not ""    '" 

for  correct :  and  V — •  not    V .  for  fact.     This 

difficulty  does  not  occur  when  a  curve-sign  is 
repeated ;  thus,  ,.v>.--^  maim,  ^.^^^  maimed. 

PECULIAR   AND    EXCEPTIONAL   MoDES    OF   WRITING* 

155.  After  a  half-sized  consonant  or  a  final 
hook,  circle,  or  loop,  the  first  full  vowel  e,  when 
terminating  a  word,  may  be  written  by  a  full- 
sized  dot  at  the  end,  as  \  pretty ;  ki,  funny  ; 
Vs.  fancy. 

The  word  any  should  be  written  above  the 
Une,  although  its  accented  vowel  is  No.  2, 
in  order  that,  when  the  vowels  are  omitted,  it 
may  not  be  mistaken  for  no,  a  word  of  opposite 
meaning,  represented  by  n  on  the  line.  Men 
and  man  may  be  distinguished,  thus,  "^  ^-^ 

156.  To  express  the  vowel,  No.  2,  between 
«-5,  when  the  large  circle  is  used,  a  dot 
must  be  made  in  the  centre ;  thus,  ^f  The 
other  simple  vowels  are  of  Yery  rare  occurrence 
between  5-5.  A  diphthong-sign  may  occasion- 
ally be  inserted  in  the  lar^e  circle  ;  as  "^^  pre* 


1 IS  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ctaehj ;  '^   persuasive.     Here  there  can  be  no 
distinction  made  between  we^  wa,  wak,  &c. 

158.  A  hook  made  by  continuing  the  s  or 
the  ns  circle,  and  tlie  6^  and  sir,  or  the  nst  and 
nstr  loops  to  the  other  side  of  the  consonant- 
sign,  adds  the  syllable  shn^  as  \  position; 
\c  persuasion ;  °>^  superstition ;  ^:~~^^:^  ininistra- 
tion ;  '^.  compensation ;  ],  transition.  In  this 
case  the  hook,  s/z/i,  may  be  vocahsed,  for  a  first 
or  second-place  vowel  only,  by  writing  the  vo- 
wel at  the  kft,  or  aJjove,  for  a  ^rst ;  and  at  the 
right,  or  below,  for  a  second-place  vowel,  as  in 
some  of  the  examples  above. 

159.  The  circle  5  may  be  added  to  this  hook, 
which  must  then  be  made  conspicuous;  as, 
^  positions;  ^  physicians;  %^  superstitions; 
^  illustrations, 

LICENCES    IN    WRITING. 

160.  The  vowel-signs  may  gradually  be  left 
out  by  the  learner,  in  private  writing  and  re- 
porting, as  he  acquires  facility  in  reading,  until 
they  will  hardly  be  used  at  all.  They  may  be 
inserted  afterwards,  if  necessary,  to  restore  the 
writing  to  a  fuller  style.  In  correspondence, 
book-keeping,  &c.,  they  should  be  mostly  insert- 
ed, except  the  fifth  or  natural  vowel,  when  not 


PHONOGRAPHY.  119 

initial,  aqnrated,  nor  accented,  in  which  case  it 
may  be  omitted  before  /,  r,  m,  and  /?,  without 
any  danger  of  ambiguity ;  thus, .-— ^._j/~~  'inanual; 
"]  eater ;  K^g-~^  blossom ;  <^  lesson ;  (^  learn ; 
^  learned;  (the  past  tense  of  the  verb  to  learn.) 
When  this  vowel  is  initial,  as  in  At  amaze  ;  or  is 
aspirated,  as  in  >^  her ;  or  accented,  as  in 
*\>A_  preserve  ;  or  followed  by  any  other  con- 
sonant than  /,  r,  m,  n,  as  ~^  capable,  learners 
will  find  it  best  to  insert  it  regularly. 

AVhen  z  occurs  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  it  may  be  written  by  a  liglit  circle,  as 
if  it  were  an  s,  because  it  is  somewhat  trouble- 
some  to  make  the  heavy  circle ;  thus,  ^  instead 
of  ^  for  amazed;  and  \^  instead  of  ^  for  tea^e. 
Sometimes  the  thickening  of  the  circle  is  neces- 
sary at  the  end  of  a  word,  to  prevent  ambiguity, 
as  in  the  phrases,  '  /^  ^  ,  '  ^^Ijl.  t^^^  ^W7s  of  a 
liingdoni ;  and  the  '  (^  ^  ,  ''  ^"Ix  ^^^^  ^^**  ^f  ^ 
kingdom  ;  or  the  heavy  stroke,  z,  may  be  written 
when  there  is  any  danger  of  such  confusion. 
The  same  o^Dservations  may  be  extended  to  the 
loop  for  zd,  which  may  be  made  like  the  light 
loop,  st,  or  the  fuU  signs  written  instead. 

161.  A  final  e  may  be  expressed  by  placing 
the  heavy  dot  at  the  end  of  the  word ;  thus, 
k,_^  facukij  ;  ^  agency.  The  plural  may  thei| 
be  made  by  the  small  circle  instead  of  the  dot ; 


120  PHONOGRAPHY. 

as  \^Q  faculties,  except  it  is  more  convenient 
to  use  the  double  circle ;  thus,  o^  rather  than 
^  agencies. 

162.  It  is  allowable  to  use  a  prefix  or  affix, 
that  is  similar  in  sound,  to  those  given  in  the 
list  (152),  as,  n3<o  enterprise  """^"S  incumbent 

163.  A  word-sign  may  be  used  as  a  prefix 
or  affix;  thus  /-)  advantageous  ;  '^^  hereafter. 
In  the  usefiil  words,  w/id'^rstanding,  understoodj 
the  nd  signifying  under,  may,  for  convenience, 
be  joined ;  as  n^  understand ;  ^  understood 
(144).     The  71  and  ng  signs  maybe  joined  thus, 

*^  for  anything. 

164.  The  skeletons  /^  /^  will  always  be 
recognised,  as  also  and  always,  because  no  other 
words  have  the  same  skeletons.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  many  other  consonant  outlines 
of  words. 

165.  The  advanced  writer  may  halve  the 
length  of  the  light  consonant-signs,  (abrupts  and 
semi- vowels,)  for  the  addition  of  d,  as  well  as  ?, 
and  of  the  heavy  ones  for  t,  as  well  as  d)  thus, 
he  will  use  ^  for  plate,  and  played ;  "^  for  bite, 
and  hide,  &c,,  depending  on  the  context  to  de- 
termine which  word  is  meant. 

166.  The  following  are  word-signs  in  which 
this  ficence  is  admitted ;  p  told;  *]  toward; 
<^  Lord;    "^   according;    _  sreat ;   ^   without; 

(  thai. 


PHONOGRAPH  y.  121 

The  double  vowel-sign  for  the  diphthong  o  e, 
taken  from  the  complete  Alphabet  of  Nature,  by 
Mr.  Ellis,  may  be  used  in  such  EngUsh  words 
as  ^  owing. 


11 


lli2 


PHONOGRAPHY, 


CHAPTER  XXIL 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  OF    THE    WORD-SIGNS. 


^  According-^. 

_,  account. 
"^  ac-knowledge. 
/  advantage. 

(^  after. 

"^  all,  awe. 
^  alone. 
^  already. 
.  an. 
.  and. 
■^  are. 

^as. 

\  Be,  bee. 
\  been,  bin. 

^  but,  butt 
_,Can. 

~^  cannot. 


come. 


I  Do. 

J  done,  dun. 
"^  Every. 
)  establish-??i^/2^. 
.  First 


^  follow. 

;^for. 

'=\  from. 

y  Greneral-li/. 

y  gentleman-m^/i. 
"~  give-/i. 

"God. 

_^  good. 

g_  great,  grate. 
V^  Have. 
■  him,  hymn, 
how. 

^  Immediate-^. 
^  importan?-ce. 
^^  improve-men;f. 
"""  in,  inn. 
Z'  individual. 

°  is. 
lit 
,  Language. 

<r  lord. 
^  May. 
"""  ma 


PHONOGRAPHY.                                  123 

^-^  more. 

(  That 

^ No,  know. 

'  the,  thee. 

*^  nor. 

*)  their,  there. 

""  not,  knot 

(  them. 

""  Object 

^^  thing. 

""^  objection. 

(  think. 

^  occasion. 

^  to,  two,  too. 

^of. 

__  together. 

^  on. 

P  told. 

^  only. 

t\  toward. 

^-^  opinion. 

T  truth. 

c\  opportunity. 

\Up. 

'or. 

\  upon. 

'^  Particular. 

^  under. 

Vi  phonography- 

ic.         _J  usual. 

^  pleasure. 

'^  Very. 

%^  principZe-a/. 

)  Was. 

Sy  public. 

c  were,  way,  weigh. 

'^  Remark. 

'  what 

<\  re-member. 

/  which. 

^  represent 

,  who. 

J  ShaU. 

/-  will. 

^  short 

t  with. 

y  should. 

<  without. 

)  so,  sew,  sow. 

^  word. 

*^  spirit 

5  would,  wood. 

_  subject 

r.  Your,  you,  yew,  ewe. 

184  PHONOGRAPfit. 

These  are  the  word-signs,  to  the  number  of 
one  hundred,  used  in  common  writing.  In  the 
reporting  style  many  others  are  admitted,  but 
they  should  not  be  learned  by  a  beginner. 

167.  The  word-signs  for  cannot,  objection^  re- 
mark,  and  without,  are  placed  above  the  hne  for 
particular  reasons,  though  they  have  a  second 
or  third-place  vowel  in  the  accented  syllable. 

168.  When  a  word-sign  represents  a  verb  in 
the  present  tense,  the  past  tense,  if  formed  re- 
gularly by  the  addition  of  t  or  d,  may  be  repre- 
sented by  the  same  sign ;  as  ^  represent,  and  re- 
'presented.  The  context  will  determine  the  time 
of  the  action ;  if  necessary,  however,  a  f  or  c?  may 
be  added  for  the  past  tense  ;  thus,  ^|  represented. 

169.  The  same  word-sign  may  be  used  for 
the  adjective  and  adverb,  when  the  latter  is  de- 
rived from  the  former,  by  affixing  ly ;  thus, 
Ji  general,  and  generally. 

170.  The  plural  of  a  word-sign  may  be  writ- 
ten by  merely  adding  the  circle  s\  thus,  —  good, 
^  goods. 

111.  The  5/m-hook  may  be  added  to  the 
word-sign,  bl  (public),  to  represent  publication. 
The  plural  oiJiand  nmst  be  >^  or  ^  (71.) 


PHONOGRAPHY.  125 


CHAPTER  XXIIL 

PHRASEOGRAPHY. 

171.  To  promote  expedition  in  writing,  the 
advanced  phonographer  may  join  two  or  more 
words  together,  and  thus,  sometimes,  express  a 
phrase  without  removing  the  pen.  The  follow- 
ing examples  will  show  how  other  useful  com- 
binations may  be  formed  on  the  same  principle, 
which  is  to  express  the  leading  consonants  of 
those  words  which  most  frequently  occur  to- 
gether : — 

->^  are  not  ^v  have  been  done. 

?  oc  far  ^-V  <l 


s 


OA 


as  far.  ^vL  have  been  made, 

as  far  as.  ^''"^  I  am. 

as  good  as.  ^^  I  am  not 

gO  as  great  as.  ]  I  do. 

Qj)  as  soon  as.  \^  I  have. 
^^  as  soon  as  possible.  V^  I  have  been. 

^  as  well  as.  Aj^  I  have  done. 
J.^_^  at  the  same  time.     \J^  I  have  had. 

could  be.  V    I  have  not 

could  not  ^  if  it 

could  not  be.  ^  if  it  had  not 

for  instance.    '  L  it  is. 
11^ 


^ 


126 


PHONOGfiAPHY. 


k 


J^  it  is  but 
^^  it  is  not 
it  is  said. 
[  it  would, 
it  would  be. 
may  be. 
must  be. 
must  have. 
''"^^  must  not. 
^'"^'^  must  not  be. 
V^  ought  to  be. 
should  be. 
should  do. 
should  have. 


1 


V 


^  should  not. 
(>  that  is. 


5l  there  are. 
J  there  are  not 
Q  this  is. 
to  be. 


1 


to  do. 
to  have. 


X 

S  we  are. 

i  we  were. 
/  with  wliich  it  is. 

.    f  with  which  it 
t        is  not 
^_^  which  it  may. 
/        (  wliich  it  would 
>    (      have  been. 
y  you  are. 
/"  you  will 


•OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    PRECEDING   PHRASES. 

172.  [Have  been  tnade.)  The  hook  of  been 
and  done  may  be  omitted,  when  it  is  inconven- 
ient to  write  it;  but,  as  a  general  rule,  it  is 
bettey  to  make  it,  in  order  to  distinguish  been 
from  be,  and  done  from  do  and  had. 

173.  (I.)  In  attacliing  /to  any  word,  write 
either  the  first  stroke  of  the  Phonograph  down- 
wards, or  the  second  stroke  upwards.     A  dis- 


iPHONOGRAPHT.  127 

tinction  will  thus  be  made  between  I  am,  and 
which  it  may. 

174.  Now  may  be  contracted  to  ._^  and  ._^ 
which  forms  admit  of  the  remaining  part  of  the 
vowel  being  added.  It  is  only  for  the  sake  of 
cherishing  reporting  habits,  that  this  mode  of 
writing  the  words  is  recommended,  because,  in 
the  ordinary  style,  -_^  ^^  might  easily  be  written ; 
but  in  reporting,  when  the  vowels  are  omitted, 
v^  would  stand  for  -^_^  >_-.  v_^  and  it  becomes 
important  to  have  some  means  of  readily  dis- 
thiguishing  them ;  hence,  we  write  v^  v-_^  «^_^ 
and,  in  order  to  cultivate  reporting  habits  in 
com.mon  Phonography,  we  admit  these  forms 
in  the  ordinary  style,  seeing  they  can  be  filled 
up  thus,  .,_^  >_^  ^_„  Indeed,  most  of  the  phrases 
here  given  may  be  vocahsed ;  thus,  ^^  as  well 
as  ;  "^  ^_/  do  :  ''^'VN  "^ust  not  he,  &c. 

175.  In  uniting  a  vowel  w^ord-sign  to  a  con- 
sonant-sign, the  consonant-sign  must  be  placed 
in  the  situation  of  the  vowel.  See  I  do  and  shoidd 
do.  I  may,  and  I  may  not,  will  therefore  have  the 
same  outline,  and  be  in  the  same  position  as  / 
am,  and  I  am,  not.  This  cannot  be  avoided,  for, 
if  the  vowel-sign  w^ere  brought  down  to  the  line, 
thus,  ^_^  for  one  of  these  phrases,  in  order  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  other,  it  would  usurp  the 
place  of  the  phrases,  hut  may,  and  hut  me.     I 


1S8  PHONOGRAPHY. 

may,  and  Immj  not,  may  be  written  in  the  same 
way  as  I  am,  and  /  am,  not,  and  the  vowel 
added  in  the  former  case ;  the  latter  being  the 
more  useful  phrases,  may  be  allowed  to  be 
written  without  the  vowel.  When  two  conson- 
ant word-signs  are  joined,  let  the  first  determine 
the  position ;  thus, can  he  ;  "^  cannot  he. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  129 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

STOPS,    &c. 

176.  Stops  may  be  written  in  the  usual  way, 
except  the  period,  for  which  write  a  small  cross, 
(x).  The  following  notes  of  affection  will  be 
useful :  —  S  ?  Literrogation ;  as,  ^  How  are  you? 
?  Exclamation,  (!  might  be  mistaken  for  doing.) 
f  Laughter.  I  Grief  The  notes  of  interroga- 
tion and  exclamation  are  placed  both  at  the 
beginning  and  end  of  the  phrase  —  the  note  of 
interrogation  being  reversed  at  the  beginning. 
The  accent  is  indicated  by  a  short  fine  line, 
close  to  the  vowel,  and  parallel  to  the  con- 
sonant ;  it  may  be  struck  through  those  vowels 
wliich  are  written  at  right  angles  to  the  con- 
sonant; thus,  -^'^'nX'  experience;  N^/^  balloon; 
;j_^^^  queenly.  Mark  emphatic  w^ords  and 
phrases  as  in  long  hand  manuscript,  by  draw^ 
ing  one,  two,  or  more  lines  underneath;  a 
single  hne  under  a  single  word  must  be  made 
wave-like,  to  prevent  its  being  mistaken  for  the 
consonant  h.  Write  Arabic  numerals  as  usual, 
or  express  the  words  in  phonography ;  this 
latter  method  is  ahvays  best  for  one  and  two. 

A  capital  letter  is  indicated  by  two  short  lines 
under  the  beginnmg  of  tho  word;  as  *  [^ 
meaning,  The  *  Times''  Newspaper. 


130 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

OF  THE  NAMES  AND  ORDER  OF  THE  SIGNS  OR  LETTERS 
IN  THE  FULL  VOWEL  AND  CONSONANT  ALPHABET. 

177.  The  order  of  the  vowels  is  fully  shown 
in  chapter  II.  (42.)  The  names  of  the  full 
Yowel-signs  are  always  the  same  as  the  sounds 
of  the  fuU  vowels.  For  the  stopped  vowels,  a» 
they  are  extremely  short,  and  too  abrupt  for 
conversation,  it  is  fouiwi  convenient  to  substitute 
names,  formed  by  uttering  the  consonant  t  after 
the  vowels ;  thus  it,  et,  at,  ot,  ut,  obt.  These 
names  should  not  be  used  in  analysing  words, 
but  only  when  these  vowels  stand  unconnected^ 
as  the  initials  of  proper  names,  &c. 

The  three  proper  diphthongs,  i,  oi,  ou,  and 
the  very  common  improper  diphthong  u  (in 
union),  are  represented,  in  phonot^^pic  piinting, 
by  single  letters.  (See  appendix.) 

The  consonants  are  so  arranged,  that  it  is 
equally  a  scientific  order,  whether  we  utter  them 
as  the  signs  follow  each  other,  taken  in  the 
horizontal  or  the  perpendicular  columns  of  the 
alphabet  table,  chapter  I.  (30.)  If  we  proceed 
horizontally,  we  take  the  fight  and  heavy  signs 
together;  thusp,  b;  t,  d,  &c. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  131 

Proceeding  perpendicularly,  w^e  havep,  h,f, 
V,  m,  &c.  The  names  adopted  for  the  conson- 
ant-signs, to  be  used  by  printers,  and  in  conver- 
sation, &CC.,  but  not  in  analysing  words,  an-anged 
in  this  order,  are,  pe,  be,  ef,  va,  am,  wa,  te,  de,  ith, 
the,  es,  za,  el,  ra,  en,  ya,  cJia,  ja,  ish,  zhe,  ha,  ga, 
ing,  ha. 

As  iva,  (or  way),  and  ya,  (or  yay)  are  the 
names  of  these  ambigues,  the  signs  c  w  should 
be  "written  on  the  line,  as  initials,  for  W.  and  Y. 

These  two  weak  consonants  are  distinguished 
by  the  term  coalescents,  as  the  third  ambigue 
(hay)  is  by  the  term  breathing.  In  phonotypy 
these  three  sounds  have  each  a  distinct  conson- 
ant-letter. (See  appendix.) 


132  '  PHONOGRAPilV. 

APPENDIX. 
PHONOTYPIC    ALPHABET. 


CONSONANTS. 

VOWELS. 

Type. 

Name. 

No 

Type.    Example  of  Sound. 

Nun*. 

PP 

pay 

pi 

1 

li 

feet 

i 

Bb 
Ff 

bay 
few 

bi 

ef 

li 

fit 

it 

Vv 

view- 

V£ 

2 

Se 

mate 

e 

M  m 

sum 

am 

Ee 

met 

et 

Ww 

way 

we 

2 

^^aB 

mare 

8B 

Tt 

toe 

ti 

3 

Aa 

psalm 

ft 

Dd 

doe 

di 

Ha 

Sam 

at 

rt 
ad 

Ss 

thigh 

thy 

seal 

it 
Ai 
es 

4 

0e 
Oo 

caught 
cot 

e 
ot 

Zz 

zeal 

ze 

5 

Uu 

ciir 

u 

LI 

bail 

el 

Uu 

curry 

bt 

Rr 

bare 

re 

6 

O  o 

bone 

o 

Nn 

sua 

en 

7 

ITJui 

fool 

m 

Yy 

yea 

y£ 

Uu 

fuU 

ut 

Qq 

chew 

9^ 

Jj 

jew 

J£ 

SJ 

mesh 

ij 

COMPOUND    VOWELS 

S3 
Cc 

measure 
call 

3i 
ce 

*i 

high 

i 

Gg 

gall 

g£ 

$6 

hoy 

6 

¥g 

sung 

ig 

35 

how 

5 

Hh 

hay 

he 

^  J 

hew 

y 

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